IL SAN CARLO. NAPOLI CAPITALE DELLA MUSICA di Antonio Lopes – Numero 8 – Luglio 2017

Teatro di San Carlo, lavori di ristrutturazione ago.2008 - gen.2
cat-arte
cat-storia

 

 

IL SAN CARLO. NAPOLI CAPITALE DELLA MUSICA

 

Antonio_Lopes

 

Se Venezia aveva visto l’opera uscire dalle corti e diventare 

un fenomeno commerciale, il più importante centro musicale in Italia 

per tutto il XVIII secolo fu Napoli e, almeno fino a metà del XIX secolo, insieme a Vienna e Parigi, una delle grandi capitali 

della musica in Europa.

 
Napoli per tutto questo periodo è stata certamente la più grande città italiana, più grande di qualsiasi altra città europea eccetto Londra e Parigi, una città ampiamente cosmopolita. Nel 1734, un principe dei Borboni spodestò gli Austriaci e ristabilì l’egemonia della sua casata su tutta l’Italia meridionale, dove regnò con il nome di Carlo III. Uno dei primi provvedimenti del nuovo sovrano fu l’edificazione, nel 1737, del Teatro San Carlo su progetto di Giovanni Antonio Medrano. Il teatro, che può attualmente ospitare più di 2500 spettatori tra la platea, i cinque ordini di palchi e una galleria sovrastante, è il più antico teatro lirico attivo in Europa. La splendida sala, originariamente rivestita in azzurro con decorazioni in oro (i colori dei Borboni), suscitò subito molta ammirazione e meraviglia tra i tanti visitatori stranieri che ebbero modo di assistere agli spettacoli organizzati sempre con grande sfarzo.
 

Il compositore inglese Charles Burney, amico dell’Ambasciatore inglese Lord Hamilton (la cui moglie era stata l’amante dell’ammiraglio Nelson), scrive, nel suo “Viaggio musicale in Italia” del 1770, che “il teatro era sfarzosamente illuminato e incredibilmente affollato di un elegante pubblico […], le candele dei palchi riflesse dagli specchi 

e moltiplicate dalle luci del palcoscenico producevano 

un splendore abbagliante per gli occhi”.


Da quando il San Carlo aprì i suoi battenti, si affermò come il più importante teatro d’opera europeo, tenuto conto che la città che lo ospitava era, a sua volta, con i suoi quattro importanti conservatori risalenti al XVI secolo, una capitale della musica in Europa.   
 
 

Le vicende del San Carlo s’intrecciano con quelle del Regno di Napoli. Uno snodo fondamentale nella storia del teatro è rappresentato dall’entrata in città di Giuseppe Bonaparte, fratello maggiore 

di Napoleone, nel febbraio del 1806, alla testa di un corpo 

di spedizione franco-italiano.

 
 

In questo modo il finanziamento della produzione operistica poteva essere assicurato non soltanto con la vendita dei biglietti per i singoli spettacoli o in abbonamento (una novità per il costume italiano), ma anche dagli introiti derivanti dai giochi.

 
Contemporaneamente egli si adoperò per un miglioramento qualitativo delle opere rappresentate, scritturando i più grandi cantanti e i musicisti più promettenti con contratti remunerativi, ma anche di lunga durata. Ciò permise a Barbaja di costituire una vera e propria compagnia con compositori e cantanti di elevato valore artistico, in grado di offrire spettacoli di eccezionale livello. Tra questi, la grande intuizione fu di chiamare, nel 1815, un giovane musicista che già aveva fatto parlare di sé in Italia: Gioacchino Rossini. Il contratto prevedeva la composizione di due nuove opere all’anno e le funzioni di direttore musicale. Al San Carlo, durante il periodo rossiniano, furono rappresentate fra il 1815 e il 1822 diverse opere serie del musicista pesarese: Elisabetta Regina d’Inghilterra, Armida, Mosè in Egitto, Ricciardo e Zoraide, Ermione, La donna del lago, Maometto II, Zelmira; al Teatro del Fondo fu presentato, nel 1816, l’Otello, essendo il San Carlo andato distrutto da un incendio (sarà ricostruito in appena otto mesi più spendente di prima).

La stessa formula organizzativa consentì poi a Barbaja di esportare cantanti e musicisti in altri teatri; nel 1822, egli assunse la direzione dei teatri viennesi e vi fece debuttare con straordinario successo la compagnia napoletana con la Cobran (moglie di Rossini), Nozzari, Rubini, Nourrit e Lablache. La diffusione delle opere di Rossini e dei suoi cantanti del San Carlo raggiunse e conquistò anche Parigi quando, nel 1825, il compositore fu nominato direttore artistico del Theatre des Italiens. In quella veste organizzò una vasta serie di scambi di cantanti tra Parigi e il San Carlo. L’intuito che Barbaja aveva avuto con Rossini lo assistette poi anche con altri musicisti: chiamò a Napoli il debuttante Bellini e mise in scena gran parte della produzione di Donizetti. Egli continuò a occuparsi sempre di teatro fino alla morte, avvenuta per apoplessia, nella sua villa di Posillipo il 19 ottobre 1841.

Il San Carlo è sopravvissuto a queste vicende e, pur cedendo lo scettro dell’egemonia dei teatri lirici italiani alla Scala di Milano nella seconda metà del XIX secolo, ha continuato a rappresentare un fondamentale punto di riferimento per gli spettacoli operistici in Italia e in Europa, tenuto conto che ai suoi spettacoli hanno preso parte 

i più grandi cantanti, i direttori d’orchestra 

e i registi più famosi fino ai nostri giorni.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Autore-fondo-immagine
Domenico_Barbaja

Si può ritenere che l’Opera sia una delle forme più complesse e affascinanti – ma anche più costose – di espressione artistica esistenti: la musica, il canto, la recitazione e la scena si fondono in un unicum che, da quando è nata in Italia all’inizio del XVII secolo, come raffinato svago di colti aristocratici (si pensi all’Orfeo di Claudio Monteverdi, rappresentato il 24 febbraio 1607 nel Palazzo Ducale di Mantova), si è poi rapidamente diffusa, appassionando tutti i pubblici, prima in Europa e poi nel resto del mondo. 

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grid.children().eq(rows - 1).addClass('rs-bottom-left'); grid.children().eq(- rows).addClass('rs-top-right'); /* Execution steps.*/ setTimeout(function () { grid.children().css({ opacity: op, transform: 'rotate('+ ro +'deg) translateX('+ tx +'px) translateY('+ ty +'px) scale('+ sc +')' }); }, 1); jQuery(next_image_class).css('opacity', 1); /* After transition.*/ jQuery(last_gridlet).one('webkitTransitionEnd transitionend otransitionend oTransitionEnd mstransitionend', jQuery.proxy(huge_it_after_trans)); function huge_it_after_trans() { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); cur_img.css('opacity', 1); grid.remove(); huge_it_trans_in_progress_59 = false; if (typeof event_stack_59 !== 'undefined' && event_stack_59.length > 0) { key = event_stack_59[0].split("-"); event_stack_59.shift(); huge_it_change_image_59(key[0], key[1], data_59, true,false); } } } function huge_it_sliceH_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_59(1, 8, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_sliceV_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_59(10, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideV_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } huge_it_grid_59(1, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideH_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_59(1, 1, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleOut_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_59(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleIn_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_59(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blockScale_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_59(8, 6, 0, 0, 0, .6, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_kaleidoscope_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_59(10, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_fan_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var rotate = 45; var translateX = 100; } else if (direction == 'left') { var rotate = -45; var translateX = -100; } huge_it_grid_59(1, 10, rotate, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blindV_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_59(1, 8, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_blindH_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_59(10, 1, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_random_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { var anims = ['sliceH', 'sliceV', 'slideH', 'slideV', 'scaleOut', 'scaleIn', 'blockScale', 'kaleidoscope', 'fan', 'blindH', 'blindV']; /* Pick a random transition from the anims array.*/ this["huge_it_" + anims[Math.floor(Math.random() * anims.length)] + "_59"](current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function iterator_59() { return 1; } function huge_it_change_image_59(current_key, key, data_59, from_effect, clicked) { if (data_59[key]) { if (!from_effect) { // Change image key. jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_59").val(key); current_key = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_59").attr("data-image_key"); } if (huge_it_trans_in_progress_59) { event_stack_59.push(current_key + '-' + key); return; } var direction = 'right'; if (huge_it_current_key_59 > key) { direction = 'left'; } else if (huge_it_current_key_59 == key) { return false; } // Set active thumbnail position. huge_it_current_key_59 = key; jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_59").attr('data-image_id', data_59[key]["id"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_title_text_59").html(data_59[key]["alt"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_description_text_59").html(data_59[key]["description"]); var current_image_class = "#image_id_59_" + data_59[current_key]["id"]; var next_image_class = "#image_id_59_" + data_59[key]["id"]; if (jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_video_frame_59').length > 0) { var streffect = 'fade'; if (streffect == "cubeV" || streffect == "cubeH" || streffect == "none" || streffect == "fade") { huge_it_fade_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else { huge_it_fade_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } else { huge_it_fade_59(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_59').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_59').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_59').addClass('none'); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_59').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_59').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_59').addClass('none'); } jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_59').addClass('none'); jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_59').addClass('none'); huge_it_move_dots_59(); /*** for vimeo and youtube stop pause play etc... ***/ var nextVideo = jQuery('#video_id_59_' + key).attr('data-element-id'); var currentVideo = jQuery('#video_id_59_' + current_key).attr('data-element-id'); /*** add ***/ (currentVideo || nextVideo) && stopYoutubeVideo(currentVideo, nextVideo); if ((jQuery('#player_59_' + current_key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo')) { jQuery('#player_59_' + current_key).vimeo('pause'); } if ((jQuery('#player_59_' + key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo') && ('off' == 'on')) { jQuery('#player_59_' + key).vimeo('play'); } /*** ***/ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_' +59]); play_59(); } } var staticthumbWidth; jQuery(window).load(function() { staticthumbWidth = jQuery('#huge_it_thumb_slider>li').width(); }); function huge_it_popup_resize_59() { var staticsliderwidth =900; var sliderwidth =900; var bodyWidth = jQuery(window).width(); var parentWidth = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_59").parent().width(); if (sliderwidth > parentWidth) { sliderwidth = parentWidth; } if (sliderwidth > bodyWidth) { sliderwidth = bodyWidth; } var str=675/(staticsliderwidth); var str2 =100/900; var sliderDynamicImageHeight = sliderwidth*str; var sliderDynamicThumbHeight = 0; jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_59').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight+sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_59').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_59 li').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery("#huge_it_loading_image_59").css({display: "none"}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_59").css({opacity: 1}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_59").removeClass("nocolor"); if ("resize"=="crop"){ jQuery(".huge_it_slider_ul li img").each(function(){ if(jQuery(this).prop('naturalWidth')>jQuery(this).prop('naturalHeight')) jQuery(this).css({'width':'100%','height':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); else{ jQuery(this).css({'height':'100%','width':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); } }); } jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_59").css({opacity:1}); } jQuery(window).load(function () { jQuery(window).resize(function() { huge_it_popup_resize_59(); }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_left_59').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_59(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_59').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_59').val()) - iterator_59()) >= 0 ? (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_59').val()) - iterator_59()) % data_59.length : data_59.length - 1, data_59,false,true); return false; }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_right_59').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_59(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_59').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_59').val()) + iterator_59()) % data_59.length, data_59,false,true); return false; }); huge_it_popup_resize_59(); /* Disable right click.*/ jQuery('div[id^="huge_it_container"]').bind("contextmenu", function () { return false; }); /*HOVER SLIDESHOW*/ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_59, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_59, .huge_it_slideshow_dots_container_59,#huge_it_slideshow_right_59,#huge_it_slideshow_left_59").hover(function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_59").css({'display':'inline'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_59").css({'display':'inline'}); },function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_59").css({'display':'none'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_59").css({'display':'none'}); }); if(pausehover=="on" && !/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_59, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_59").hover(function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+59]); scrolling = false; },function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+59]); scrolling = true; play_59(); }); } play_59(); }); function play_59(){ if(scrolling || /Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+59] = setInterval(function () { var iterator = 1; huge_it_change_image_59(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_59').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_59').val()) + iterator) % data_59.length, data_59,false,false); }, '4000'); } } jQuery(window).focus(function() { var i_59 = 0; jQuery(".huge_it_slider_59").children("div").each(function () { if (jQuery(this).css('opacity') == 1) { jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_59").val(i_59); } i_59++; }); }); jQuery(window).blur(function() { console.log(event_stack_59); window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+59]); }); jQuery(window).focus(function() { play_59() });
jQuery(document).ready(function(jQuery) { setInterval(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slider_59').find("li").each(function() { if (jQuery(this).css("opacity") == "1") { var img_id = jQuery(this).attr('id'); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_59').each(function() { var allListElements = jQuery('li[id=' + img_id + ']'); jQuery(this).find(allListElements).not(".bx-clone").each(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_59 li').find(".trans_back").css('background', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.3)'); jQuery(this).find('.trans_back').css('background', 'none'); }) }) } }) }, 100) })

Le foto sono state gentilmente concesse dal Teatro San Carlo di Napoil