PALMIRA. LA SPOSA DEL DESERTO di Paola Pariset – Numero 5 – Luglio 2016

art_pariset-copertina
cat-cultura
cat-arte
cat-stile
Gli-Occhi

parlavano più delle parole – in un grande archeologo come lui, avvezzo alla pacata e fruttuosa ricerca degli scavi, che nei decenni resuscitarono Ebla, la sua biblioteca, i tesori fascinosi dell’antica Mesopotamia – a proposito della drammatica distruzione di resti intangibili di Nimrud e di Palmira, nell’incontro del 15 febbraio “Il Tempio distrutto. Una questione cosmopolitica”, all’Istituto Svizzero di Roma, in via Ludovisi.

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while (i--) { if (typeof document.body.style[domPrefixes[i] + prop] !== 'undefined') { return true; } } return false; } function huge_it_cube_35(tz, ntx, nty, nrx, nry, wrx, wry, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* If browser does not support 3d transforms/CSS transitions.*/ if (!huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransitions_35()) { jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_35 + "_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35"); return huge_it_fallback_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } if (!huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransforms3d_35()) { return huge_it_fallback3d_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } jQuery(current_image_class).css({'z-index': 'none'}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'z-index' : 2}); huge_it_trans_in_progress_35 = true; /* Set active thumbnail.*/ jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35"); 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} } } function huge_it_cubeH_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* Set to half of image width.*/ var dimension = jQuery(current_image_class).width() / 2; if (direction == 'right') { huge_it_cube_35(dimension, dimension, 0, 0, 90, 0, -90, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else if (direction == 'left') { huge_it_cube_35(dimension, -dimension, 0, 0, -90, 0, 90, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } function huge_it_cubeV_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* Set to half of image height.*/ var dimension = jQuery(current_image_class).height() / 2; /* If next slide.*/ if (direction == 'right') { huge_it_cube_35(dimension, 0, -dimension, 90, 0, -90, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else if (direction == 'left') { huge_it_cube_35(dimension, 0, dimension, -90, 0, 90, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } /* For browsers that does not support transitions.*/ function huge_it_fallback_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_fade_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } /* For browsers that support transitions, but not 3d transforms (only used if primary transition makes use of 3d-transforms).*/ function huge_it_fallback3d_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_sliceV_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_none_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); /* Set active thumbnail.*/ jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_35 + "_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35"); } function huge_it_fade_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransitions_35()) { jQuery(next_image_class).css('transition', 'opacity ' + huge_it_transition_duration_35 + 'ms linear'); jQuery(current_image_class).css('transition', 'opacity ' + huge_it_transition_duration_35 + 'ms linear'); jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); } else { jQuery(current_image_class).animate({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index' : 1}, huge_it_transition_duration_35); jQuery(next_image_class).animate({ 'opacity' : 1, 'z-index': 2 }, { duration: huge_it_transition_duration_35, complete: function () {return false;} }); // For IE. jQuery(current_image_class).fadeTo(huge_it_transition_duration_35, 0); jQuery(next_image_class).fadeTo(huge_it_transition_duration_35, 1); } jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_35 + "_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35"); } function huge_it_grid_35(cols, rows, ro, tx, ty, sc, op, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* If browser does not support CSS transitions.*/ if (!huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransitions_35()) { jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_35 + "_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35"); return huge_it_fallback_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } huge_it_trans_in_progress_35 = true; /* Set active thumbnail.*/ jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_35 + "_35").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_35").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35"); /* The time (in ms) added to/subtracted from the delay total for each new gridlet.*/ var count = (huge_it_transition_duration_35) / (cols + rows); /* Gridlet creator (divisions of the image grid, positioned with background-images to replicate the look of an entire slide image when assembled)*/ function huge_it_gridlet(width, height, top, img_top, left, img_left, src, imgWidth, imgHeight, c, r) { var delay = (c + r) * count; /* Return a gridlet elem with styles for specific transition.*/ return jQuery('
').css({ width : width, height : height, top : top, left : left, backgroundImage : 'url("' + src + '")', backgroundColor: jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_35").css("background-color"), /*backgroundColor: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0),*/ backgroundRepeat: 'no-repeat', backgroundPosition : img_left + 'px ' + img_top + 'px', backgroundSize : imgWidth + 'px ' + imgHeight + 'px', transition : 'all ' + huge_it_transition_duration_35 + 'ms ease-in-out ' + delay + 'ms', transform : 'none' }); } /* Get the current slide's image.*/ var cur_img = jQuery(current_image_class).find('img'); /* Create a grid to hold the gridlets.*/ var grid = jQuery('
').addClass('huge_it_grid_35'); /* Prepend the grid to the next slide (i.e. so it's above the slide image).*/ jQuery(current_image_class).prepend(grid); /* vars to calculate positioning/size of gridlets*/ var cont = jQuery(".huge_it_slide_bg_35"); var imgWidth = cur_img.width(); var imgHeight = cur_img.height(); var contWidth = cont.width(), contHeight = cont.height(), imgSrc = cur_img.attr('src'),/*.replace('/thumb', ''),*/ colWidth = Math.floor(contWidth / cols), rowHeight = Math.floor(contHeight / rows), colRemainder = contWidth - (cols * colWidth), colAdd = Math.ceil(colRemainder / cols), rowRemainder = contHeight - (rows * rowHeight), rowAdd = Math.ceil(rowRemainder / rows), leftDist = 0, img_leftDist = (jQuery(".huge_it_slide_bg_35").width() - cur_img.width()) / 2; /* tx/ty args can be passed as 'auto'/'min-auto' (meaning use slide width/height or negative slide width/height).*/ tx = tx === 'auto' ? contWidth : tx; tx = tx === 'min-auto' ? - contWidth : tx; ty = ty === 'auto' ? contHeight : ty; ty = ty === 'min-auto' ? - contHeight : ty; /* Loop through cols*/ for (var i = 0; i 0) { var add = colRemainder >= colAdd ? colAdd : colRemainder; newColWidth += add; colRemainder -= add; } /* Nested loop to create row gridlets for each col.*/ for (var j = 0; j 0) { add = newRowRemainder >= rowAdd ? rowAdd : rowRemainder; newRowHeight += add; newRowRemainder -= add; } /* Create & append gridlet to grid.*/ grid.append(huge_it_gridlet(newColWidth, newRowHeight, topDist, img_topDst, leftDist, img_leftDist, imgSrc, imgWidth, imgHeight, i, j)); topDist += newRowHeight; img_topDst -= newRowHeight; } img_leftDist -= newColWidth; leftDist += newColWidth; } /* Set event listener on last gridlet to finish transitioning.*/ var last_gridlet = grid.children().last(); /* Show grid & hide the image it replaces.*/ grid.show(); cur_img.css('opacity', 0); /* Add identifying classes to corner gridlets (useful if applying border radius).*/ grid.children().first().addClass('rs-top-left'); grid.children().last().addClass('rs-bottom-right'); grid.children().eq(rows - 1).addClass('rs-bottom-left'); grid.children().eq(- rows).addClass('rs-top-right'); /* Execution steps.*/ setTimeout(function () { grid.children().css({ opacity: op, transform: 'rotate('+ ro +'deg) translateX('+ tx +'px) translateY('+ ty +'px) scale('+ sc +')' }); }, 1); jQuery(next_image_class).css('opacity', 1); /* After transition.*/ jQuery(last_gridlet).one('webkitTransitionEnd transitionend otransitionend oTransitionEnd mstransitionend', jQuery.proxy(huge_it_after_trans)); function huge_it_after_trans() { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); cur_img.css('opacity', 1); grid.remove(); huge_it_trans_in_progress_35 = false; if (typeof event_stack_35 !== 'undefined' && event_stack_35.length > 0) { key = event_stack_35[0].split("-"); event_stack_35.shift(); huge_it_change_image_35(key[0], key[1], data_35, true,false); } } } function huge_it_sliceH_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_35(1, 8, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_sliceV_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_35(10, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideV_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } huge_it_grid_35(1, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideH_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_35(1, 1, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleOut_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_35(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleIn_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_35(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blockScale_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_35(8, 6, 0, 0, 0, .6, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_kaleidoscope_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_35(10, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_fan_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var rotate = 45; var translateX = 100; } else if (direction == 'left') { var rotate = -45; var translateX = -100; } huge_it_grid_35(1, 10, rotate, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blindV_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_35(1, 8, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_blindH_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_35(10, 1, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_random_35(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { var anims = ['sliceH', 'sliceV', 'slideH', 'slideV', 'scaleOut', 'scaleIn', 'blockScale', 'kaleidoscope', 'fan', 'blindH', 'blindV']; /* Pick a random transition from the anims array.*/ this["huge_it_" + anims[Math.floor(Math.random() * anims.length)] + "_35"](current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function iterator_35() { return 1; } function huge_it_change_image_35(current_key, key, data_35, from_effect, clicked) { if (data_35[key]) { if (!from_effect) { // Change image key. jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_35").val(key); current_key = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_35").attr("data-image_key"); 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Gli occhi specchio dell’anima di Paolo Matthiae tradivano l’immanità della tragedia e della barbarie di oggi, in cui le opere d’arte sono divenute – come, in tanti altri casi, il corpo brutalizzato delle spose, delle madri, delle sorelle – oggetto di ricatto e mercanzia bellica, che brucia al militare più delle proprie ferite e della propria morte.

OndeFineP

 

PALMIRA.

LA SPOSA

DEL DESERTO

 

Paola-Pariset

E basterà ricordare (ma mai nessuno dimenticherà) la fiera resistenza dell’ottantaduenne direttore del Museo Archeologico di Palmira, Khaled Asaad, che, per non rivelare i luoghi di collocazione protetta dei reperti museali, ha subìto tortura e atroce decapitazione nell’agosto 2015, per mano dell’ISIS. Perciò, dinanzi a questo regresso della civiltà, il direttore dei Musei Vaticani Antonio Paolucci, in occasione dell’intervista alla SIAE per la sua firma su “Unite for Heritage” e la presentazione dei Caschi Blu della Cultura, il 16 febbraio scorso affermò: “Sarò qui…

credo che ogni operazione fatta per la cultura abbia in sé una valenza pacifica, anche se i cani della guerra sono più forti di qualsiasi buona intenzione”.

Infatti nessuna costruzione a volta o a cupola qui tradisce la monumentalità dell’estetica imperiale romana: ovunque, nella rettilinea via colonnata simile a quella di Damasco, nel Teatro Romano di impianto ellenistico col favoloso proscenio a edicole, nel Tempio di Baal di tipo ionico-corinzio, trionfano la limpida geometria, il rapporto delle perpendicolari, la rettilineità ellenica. Su questo olimpico universo interferirono nel secolo III dopo Cristo il mondo partico, sassanide, iranico, coi loro simbolismi astratti e metafisici, appartenenti alla religione di Ahura Mazda: le coeve sculture funerarie palmirene, di livello artistico molto alto, palesano questo impossibile eppure realizzato connubio. Fu questo il periodo in cui prosperò il potente Regno di Palmira, retto dalla ricchissima e bellissima regina Zenobia, che osò muovere contro Roma proprio dopo la terribile disfatta dell’esercito dell’imperatore Valeriano da parte del sassanide Shapur I a Edessa, nel 270: ma solo l’imperatore Aureliano sconfisse e catturò Zenobia in fuga sull’Eufrate, conducendola a Roma per il proprio trionfo, stretta in catene d’oro, come il quadro tardoromantico di Herbest Schmalz testimonia, con immaginaria fedeltà. Sappiamo che anche Diocleziano e Giustiniano misero mano a fortificazioni della città di Palmira, che restò base militare romana e poi bizantina, prima di venire definitivamente abbandonata.

Paolo Matthiae ricordava, e dinanzi ai suoi occhi scorrevano i decenni serviti a riportare alla luce antichissime città e i pochi minuti per seppellire il Tempio di Baal e l’intero santuario di Baalshamin a Palmira, nella polvere di un’enorme e letale esplosione. Palmira, la Sposa del Deserto: il suo manto nuziale non è candido, è color sabbia, e tale è rimasto dall’origine dell’umanità, da quando essa iniziò ad accogliere le infinite carovane in sosta, lungo il viaggio tra Occidente e Oriente, per lo scambio di mercanzie, stoffe seriche, spezie.

Palmira era l’oasi fresca delle palme che le diedero il nome, fresca per la sete di centinaia di migliaia di uomini, in lento cammino.

Oggi essa vive di ricchezze archeologiche, perpetuanti fra le sue sabbie desertiche lo splendore della Grecia antica, anche se nella storia precristiana di Palmira rientrano le mitiche fortificazioni di Salomone, di cui nessuno conosce le fondamenta. Quando essa fu raggiunta dall’espansionismo romano, divenne provincia orientale di Roma, pur mantenendo l’autonomia che già possedeva nel periodo ellenistico seleucide.

All’imperatore Adriano, profondamente cólto, che dal mitico centro mediorientale rimase affascinato, risalgono quasi tutti i reperti archeologici monumentali di Palmira giunti fino a noi, che recano il segno del di lui amore per la Grecità classica ed ellenistica.

Un fascino unico promana da queste inclite mura, che ascendono come fiori dalle sabbie desertiche, del cui colore si ammantano: qui ebbe luogo la fusione culturale fra Est e Ovest, fra il mondo classico greco e quello bizantino e medievale.

Perché questo fu il ruolo storico di Palmira. Ma essa dal 2015 non è più come prima. Gli scempi perpetrati dall’Isis hanno sollevato lo sdegno mondiale, ma non hanno fermato il Califfato. Ed allora gli occhi smarriti del professor Matthiae si sono armati di nuova energia: e la sua opera si indirizza – come quella dei suoi colleghi internazionali e dell’ICCROM – a sostenere l’operato di chi vigila sui beni rimasti in situ, dai livelli direttivi all’usciere, visto che, nel frattempo, altri 15 custodi e funzionari sono rimasti uccisi per difendere il patrimonio artistico e il loro ruolo non si svolge affatto nella sicurezza. “L’ICCROM – afferma il direttore Stefano De Caro – è figlia delle distruzioni, ma si sa bene che la soluzione è il dialogo, anche coi Talebani. Intanto, teniamo corsi di preparazione alla guerra, al pronto-soccorso dell’arte, ad impacchettare i monumenti”. Matthiae, dall’alto dei suoi 76 anni, ha compreso che a ciò conduce “l’odio dell’altro”, come ai tempi di Costantino e Teodosio, ma anche della Francia di Luigi XVI (pochissime le statue di lui rimaste), e non finisce qui.

Questo, dunque, non è più il momento di nuovi scavi, della conquista di nuove conoscenze, ma quello pratico della salvaguardia, delle ricostruzioni

con criteri filologici o meno, per mettere infine i popoli – dice ancora Matthiae – “in condizione di fare da sé, di gestirsi da sé. E non sotto tirannide”.