LE REALI FERRIERE DI MONGIANA di Stefania Conti – Speciale aglie fravaglie – Maggio-Luglio 2020

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LE REALI  FERRIERE    DI MONGIANA

 

stefania_conti_storia2

è una paese di poco più di 700 abitanti. Piccolo, case basse, squadrate e immerse in un mare verde di faggi e abeti bianchi: le Serre regionali del Vibonese.

Questo piccolo centro ha un interessante museo, il Museo delle Reali Ferriere Borboniche. Installazioni digitali interattive che sviluppano come un racconto la “Vicenda Mongiana”. Restaurata nel 2013, l’antica fabbrica d’armi, mostra tutto il processo dall’ estrazione del ferro, alla forza motrice.  

 

E poi, carbone, viabilità, tecnologie e produzioni, condizione operaia.

 

A poca distanza sorgono i resti del complesso, una enclave 

di archeologia industriale in mezzo ai boschi.

 

Al momento non sono visitabili, ma si sta procedendo alla loro ristrutturazione. L’auspicio è che il sito si possa aprire al pubblico al più presto perché degno di essere visitato anche per l’originale forma architettonica e per la storia della zona in cui sorge visto che etruschi, greci, romani, bizantini e normanni, prima dei Borbone, vi estraevano i minerali per la costruzione di utensili e di armi. 

 

Tanto interesse per un paese così piccolo ha una spiegazione. Semplice e triste. Mongiana è stato un esempio di industrializzazione nel Sud, voluto dai Borbone, con una produzione di alta qualità, grande quantità, un avanzatissimo progetto sociale e – diremmo oggi – un buona politica ambientalistica (al Nord allora tutto questo non era nemmeno concepito e concepibile). Un progetto di eccellenza ucciso dall’Unità d’Italia. 

 

La confluenza di due fiumi – il Ninfo e l’Allaro – la presenza di legno pregiato, la ricchezza di minerali ferrosi disponibili, facevano della zona di

Mongiana il luogo ideale per un impianto di base per la produzione 

di materiali e semilavorati ferrosi (rifiniti sia in loco, 

che presso il polo siderurgico di Pietrarsa).


Fu così che tra il 1770 e 1771 nacquero le Reali Ferriere e Officine Borboniche, con miniere e fabbriche che rifornirono tutta l’Europa. Un luogo capace di attrarre forza lavoro con maestranze altamente specializzate. Mongiana arrivò ad impiegare 1.500 operai, con l’indotto oltre 2.000. In alcuni periodi addirittura 2.550-2.800. 

 

Mongiana sorse in soli due anni grazie all’opera infaticabile e alla mano esperta dell’l’architetto e urbanista Mario Goffredo. Insieme con gli stabilimenti, entrati subito in produzione, sorsero rapidamente anche abitazioni di maestranze e  un moderno villaggio al polo collegato.

Con lungimiranza sorprendente ed encomiabile Ferdinando IV dispose che il taglio degli alberi necessari alla costruzione degli insediamenti abitativi 

ed industriali avvenisse in modo razionale e controllato.

In pratica si attuò un sistema di taglio a rotazione che consenti la conservazione, la riproduzione e la tutela del vasto patrimonio boschivo della regione interessata dai lavori. Una lungimiranza che oggi chiameremmo ambientalista, ma che, soprattutto, viene rarissimamente osservata dalle aziende dei nostri tempi. Così come lungimirante era la politica verso gli operai: quelli in miniera lavoravano 8 ore, quelli in fonderia 10. Niente lavoro dei bambini o delle donne.

Nel resto d’Europa erano ben lontani dal consentire, in quei tempi, 

ritmi analoghi, che, per l’epoca, potremmo definire 

quasi a misura d’uomo.


Ce lo racconta Vincenzo Falcone nel suo libro “ Le Ferriere di Mongiana, un’occasione mancata”. 

 

Che cosa usciva dalle Ferriere? Di tutto: campane, ruote di ferro, chiavi, argani, armi di ogni genere, leggere e pesanti, rotaie.

Da Mongiana provenivano i binari della prima ferrovia italiana: la Napoli Portici.

 

Con l’arrivo dei francesi le cose andarono ancora meglio. Con Gioacchino Murat, nel 1814 furono incrementate le produzioni ferriere, tanto da far crescere ancor di più il villaggio. 

 

Ma tutto precipita con l’arrivo dei Savoia.

Alla caduta del Regno e con il suo inserimento nello Stato Italiano 

fu progressivamente diminuita la produzione


privilegiando le industrie del Nord Italia. Si puntò tutto su Terni, con la scusa che era più difendibile da eventuali attacchi nemici (Mongiana era abbastanza vicino al mare: le merci venivano portate a Pizzo calabro e da lì per nave a Napoli). Ai mongianesi non restò altro che emigrare. 

 

Chi restò si ribellò ai nuovi padroni. Subito dopo l’annessione al Piemonte, sommosse e rivolte popolari si moltiplicarono.

Le donne, mogli, madri, sorelle, scesero in piazza con gli operai delle Ferriere


inalberando la bandiera bianca con i gigli e destando lo stupore degli ufficiali al comando delle truppe sabaude chiamate a sedare le sommosse. Per loro, l’annessione, significò soprattutto la perdita di un lavoro o di un reddito sicuro. Nel 1875 la ferriera passò definitivamente di mano, acquistata dall’ex garibaldino Achille Fazzari, divenuto deputato del Regno Sabaudo. Fazzari la chiuse dopo soli sei anni, dopo aver sfruttato le residue risorse e venduto le giacenze. Finì in questa luce opaca il più grande polo siderurgico della penisola.

 

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ty = ty === 'min-auto' ? - contHeight : ty; /* Loop through cols*/ for (var i = 0; i 0) { var add = colRemainder >= colAdd ? colAdd : colRemainder; newColWidth += add; colRemainder -= add; } /* Nested loop to create row gridlets for each col.*/ for (var j = 0; j 0) { add = newRowRemainder >= rowAdd ? rowAdd : rowRemainder; newRowHeight += add; newRowRemainder -= add; } /* Create & append gridlet to grid.*/ grid.append(huge_it_gridlet(newColWidth, newRowHeight, topDist, img_topDst, leftDist, img_leftDist, imgSrc, imgWidth, imgHeight, i, j)); topDist += newRowHeight; img_topDst -= newRowHeight; } img_leftDist -= newColWidth; leftDist += newColWidth; } /* Set event listener on last gridlet to finish transitioning.*/ var last_gridlet = grid.children().last(); /* Show grid & hide the image it replaces.*/ grid.show(); cur_img.css('opacity', 0); /* Add identifying classes to corner gridlets (useful if applying border radius).*/ grid.children().first().addClass('rs-top-left'); grid.children().last().addClass('rs-bottom-right'); grid.children().eq(rows - 1).addClass('rs-bottom-left'); grid.children().eq(- rows).addClass('rs-top-right'); /* Execution steps.*/ setTimeout(function () { grid.children().css({ opacity: op, transform: 'rotate('+ ro +'deg) translateX('+ tx +'px) translateY('+ ty +'px) scale('+ sc +')' }); }, 1); jQuery(next_image_class).css('opacity', 1); /* After transition.*/ jQuery(last_gridlet).one('webkitTransitionEnd transitionend otransitionend oTransitionEnd mstransitionend', jQuery.proxy(huge_it_after_trans)); function huge_it_after_trans() { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); cur_img.css('opacity', 1); grid.remove(); huge_it_trans_in_progress_126 = false; if (typeof event_stack_126 !== 'undefined' && event_stack_126.length > 0) { key = event_stack_126[0].split("-"); event_stack_126.shift(); huge_it_change_image_126(key[0], key[1], data_126, true,false); } } } function huge_it_sliceH_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_126(1, 8, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_sliceV_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_126(10, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideV_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } huge_it_grid_126(1, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideH_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_126(1, 1, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleOut_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_126(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleIn_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_126(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blockScale_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_126(8, 6, 0, 0, 0, .6, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_kaleidoscope_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_126(10, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_fan_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var rotate = 45; var translateX = 100; } else if (direction == 'left') { var rotate = -45; var translateX = -100; } huge_it_grid_126(1, 10, rotate, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blindV_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_126(1, 8, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_blindH_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_126(10, 1, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_random_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { var anims = ['sliceH', 'sliceV', 'slideH', 'slideV', 'scaleOut', 'scaleIn', 'blockScale', 'kaleidoscope', 'fan', 'blindH', 'blindV']; /* Pick a random transition from the anims array.*/ this["huge_it_" + anims[Math.floor(Math.random() * anims.length)] + "_126"](current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function iterator_126() { return 1; } function huge_it_change_image_126(current_key, key, data_126, from_effect, clicked) { if (data_126[key]) { if (!from_effect) { // Change image key. jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_126").val(key); current_key = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_126").attr("data-image_key"); } if (huge_it_trans_in_progress_126) { event_stack_126.push(current_key + '-' + key); return; } var direction = 'right'; if (huge_it_current_key_126 > key) { direction = 'left'; } else if (huge_it_current_key_126 == key) { return false; } // Set active thumbnail position. huge_it_current_key_126 = key; jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_126").attr('data-image_id', data_126[key]["id"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_title_text_126").html(data_126[key]["alt"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_description_text_126").html(data_126[key]["description"]); var current_image_class = "#image_id_126_" + data_126[current_key]["id"]; var next_image_class = "#image_id_126_" + data_126[key]["id"]; if (jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_video_frame_126').length > 0) { var streffect = 'fade'; if (streffect == "cubeV" || streffect == "cubeH" || streffect == "none" || streffect == "fade") { huge_it_fade_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else { huge_it_fade_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } else { huge_it_fade_126(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_126').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_126').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_126').addClass('none'); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_126').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_126').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_126').addClass('none'); } jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_126').addClass('none'); jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_126').addClass('none'); huge_it_move_dots_126(); /*** for vimeo and youtube stop pause play etc... ***/ var nextVideo = jQuery('#video_id_126_' + key).attr('data-element-id'); var currentVideo = jQuery('#video_id_126_' + current_key).attr('data-element-id'); /*** add ***/ (currentVideo || nextVideo) && stopYoutubeVideo(currentVideo, nextVideo); if ((jQuery('#player_126_' + current_key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo')) { jQuery('#player_126_' + current_key).vimeo('pause'); } if ((jQuery('#player_126_' + key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo') && ('off' == 'on')) { jQuery('#player_126_' + key).vimeo('play'); } /*** ***/ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_' +126]); play_126(); } } var staticthumbWidth; jQuery(window).load(function() { staticthumbWidth = jQuery('#huge_it_thumb_slider>li').width(); }); function huge_it_popup_resize_126() { var staticsliderwidth =850; var sliderwidth =850; var bodyWidth = jQuery(window).width(); var parentWidth = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_126").parent().width(); if (sliderwidth > parentWidth) { sliderwidth = parentWidth; } if (sliderwidth > bodyWidth) { sliderwidth = bodyWidth; } var str=638/(staticsliderwidth); var str2 =100/850; var sliderDynamicImageHeight = sliderwidth*str; var sliderDynamicThumbHeight = 0; jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_126').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight+sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_126').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_126 li').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery("#huge_it_loading_image_126").css({display: "none"}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_126").css({opacity: 1}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_126").removeClass("nocolor"); if ("resize"=="crop"){ jQuery(".huge_it_slider_ul li img").each(function(){ if(jQuery(this).prop('naturalWidth')>jQuery(this).prop('naturalHeight')) jQuery(this).css({'width':'100%','height':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); else{ jQuery(this).css({'height':'100%','width':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); } }); } jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_126").css({opacity:1}); } jQuery(window).load(function () { jQuery(window).resize(function() { huge_it_popup_resize_126(); }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_left_126').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_126(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_126').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_126').val()) - iterator_126()) >= 0 ? (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_126').val()) - iterator_126()) % data_126.length : data_126.length - 1, data_126,false,true); return false; }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_right_126').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_126(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_126').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_126').val()) + iterator_126()) % data_126.length, data_126,false,true); return false; }); huge_it_popup_resize_126(); /* Disable right click.*/ jQuery('div[id^="huge_it_container"]').bind("contextmenu", function () { return false; }); /*HOVER SLIDESHOW*/ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_126, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_126, .huge_it_slideshow_dots_container_126,#huge_it_slideshow_right_126,#huge_it_slideshow_left_126").hover(function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_126").css({'display':'inline'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_126").css({'display':'inline'}); },function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_126").css({'display':'none'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_126").css({'display':'none'}); }); if(pausehover=="on" && !/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_126, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_126").hover(function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+126]); scrolling = false; },function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+126]); scrolling = true; play_126(); }); } play_126(); }); function play_126(){ if(scrolling || /Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+126] = setInterval(function () { var iterator = 1; huge_it_change_image_126(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_126').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_126').val()) + iterator) % data_126.length, data_126,false,false); }, '4000'); } } jQuery(window).focus(function() { var i_126 = 0; jQuery(".huge_it_slider_126").children("div").each(function () { if (jQuery(this).css('opacity') == 1) { jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_126").val(i_126); } i_126++; }); }); jQuery(window).blur(function() { console.log(event_stack_126); window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+126]); }); jQuery(window).focus(function() { play_126() });
jQuery(document).ready(function(jQuery) { setInterval(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slider_126').find("li").each(function() { if (jQuery(this).css("opacity") == "1") { var img_id = jQuery(this).attr('id'); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_126').each(function() { var allListElements = jQuery('li[id=' + img_id + ']'); jQuery(this).find(allListElements).not(".bx-clone").each(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_126 li').find(".trans_back").css('background', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.3)'); jQuery(this).find('.trans_back').css('background', 'none'); }) }) } }) }, 100) })
fine-t-storia

 Foto gentilmente concesse dal Sindaco di Mongiana Arch. Francesco Angiletta