LE DONNE E LA TRADIZIONE MUSICALE ORALE IN CALABRIA E LUCANIA di Innocenzo Cosimo de Gaudio – Numero 15 – Ottobre 2019

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LE DONNE E            LA TRADIZIONE MUSICALE ORALE IN CALABRIA            E LUCANIA      

PARTE Ii

 

 

INNOCENZO_COSIMO_DE_GAUDIO
le_pie_donne

In molte comunità calabro-lucane, specie nei Riti del Venerdì Santo, il canto femminile si sostanzia in spazi e forme antagonisti, sia rispetto all’ufficialità della Chiesa sia a quelli degli uomini. 

Riportiamo, a titolo d’esempio, alcune esperienze in contrasto, rilevate a Cassano allo Jonio e a San Benedetto Ullano1. Nel primo caso,

le donne fanno gruppo a sé: estranee alla organizzazione coreografica 

della processione, procedendo secondo i propri tempi, con numerose soste, 

cantando in cerchio, quasi abbracciate,


marciando spesso a ritroso, apparentemente incuranti di quel che accade nel lungo corteo davanti a loro e, di fatto, al di fuori di ogni controllo da parte della gerarchia ecclesiastica (Foto 1 – 3).  

 

Quasi una processione autonoma dell’Addolorata, all’interno della processione ufficiale2.  

 

La voce delle donne, lacerata e ricca di pathos, vìola lo spazio sonoro circostante, contrappuntando e sovrastando la composta e austera banda e gli acuti suoni delle tube, in uso agli inquietanti flagellanti incappucciati (Foto 4 – 6).

Le piccole Addoloratine, compitissime bambine, agghindate 

con il manto dell’Addolorata dalle Sette Spade

sembrano osservare, sgomente, la scena (foto 7).

 

S. Benedetto Ullano 

 

La kalimera3 costituisce, per tutte le comunità italo – albanesi, un’antichissima tradizione di rilevante interesse storico-letterario, religioso e tradizionale4.

Fra le kalimere più note della raccolta di Variboba5

facciamo riferimento a quella che, nella comunità di San Benedetto Ullano, 

è nota come E keqe penë6, intonata prevalentemente da donne.

 

La struttura quasi sillabica del testo musicale e il fine catechistico (quindi, la tassativa intelligibilità del testo verbale) non rende necessaria alcuna manipolazione e obbliga a minori adattamenti, perché possa aderire al modulo musicale tradizionale, al contrario di come avviene, invece, per altre pratiche di canto femminile7 nell’area (foto 8).

 

In questo caso, l’opposizione è rovesciata:

lmentre a Cassano sono le donne a gestire i tempi e gli spazi della processione, in autonomia e quasi in antitesi ai dettati delle gerarchie ecclesiastiche, qui, 

al contrario, è il gruppo maschile che sembra allontanarsi dai precetti, 

 

mentre intona un canto processionale, il cui testo verbale è tratto dagli Inni Sacri del Manzoni8. A causa di tali comportamenti, il gruppo maschile, è osteggiato o appena tollerato dal clero locale (foto 9). 

 

Tuttavia, specie in queste occasioni solenni, il panorama sonoro della piccola comunità sanbenedettese si complica alquanto. Il particolare assetto urbanistico, organizzato sull’impianto tradizionale in ghitonje, articolate in stretti e angusti vicoli, genera, talvolta, un vero e proprio scambio di ruoli fra i due cori, quello femminile e quello maschile, con interessanti sovrapposizioni e sostituzioni che, inevitabilmente, si riflettono sull’articolazione di entrambi i canti. In alcuni casi, infatti, la più acuta e potente tessitura femminile riesce persino ad oscurare la voce, pur potente e lacerata, del solista maschio.

lelemento che colpisce è la presenza di una dicotomia fra l’atteggiamento penitenziale – espresso in maniera evidente dai flagellanti e dal clero, 

nel primo caso; dalle pie donne, nel secondo –

 

e l’elemento godereccio e/o autonomo del popolo (in entrambi gli esempi, a parti rovesciate), che ci riporta alla mente il celeberrimo Combattimento fra Carnevale e Quaresima di Bruegel il Vecchio9: Battaglia simbolica fra il Carnevale (metà sinistra del quadro) e la Quaresima (metà di destra). Se la parte sinistra del quadro è dominata dall’osteria e dalla crapula dissoluta, la destra è occupata dall’austera mole della chiesa, nella quale entrano ed escono i fedeli: due edifici-simbolo che incarnano stili di vita e visioni del mondo antitetici: un “mondo alla rovescia”10.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

incappucciati

 

PARTE I

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} else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_108(1, 8, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_sliceV_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_108(10, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideV_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } huge_it_grid_108(1, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideH_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_108(1, 1, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleOut_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_108(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleIn_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_108(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blockScale_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_108(8, 6, 0, 0, 0, .6, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_kaleidoscope_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_108(10, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_fan_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var rotate = 45; var translateX = 100; } else if (direction == 'left') { var rotate = -45; var translateX = -100; } huge_it_grid_108(1, 10, rotate, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blindV_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_108(1, 8, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_blindH_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_108(10, 1, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_random_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { var anims = ['sliceH', 'sliceV', 'slideH', 'slideV', 'scaleOut', 'scaleIn', 'blockScale', 'kaleidoscope', 'fan', 'blindH', 'blindV']; /* Pick a random transition from the anims array.*/ this["huge_it_" + anims[Math.floor(Math.random() * anims.length)] + "_108"](current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function iterator_108() { return 1; } function huge_it_change_image_108(current_key, key, data_108, from_effect, clicked) { if (data_108[key]) { if (!from_effect) { // Change image key. jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_108").val(key); current_key = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_108").attr("data-image_key"); } if (huge_it_trans_in_progress_108) { event_stack_108.push(current_key + '-' + key); return; } var direction = 'right'; if (huge_it_current_key_108 > key) { direction = 'left'; } else if (huge_it_current_key_108 == key) { return false; } // Set active thumbnail position. huge_it_current_key_108 = key; jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_108").attr('data-image_id', data_108[key]["id"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_title_text_108").html(data_108[key]["alt"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_description_text_108").html(data_108[key]["description"]); var current_image_class = "#image_id_108_" + data_108[current_key]["id"]; var next_image_class = "#image_id_108_" + data_108[key]["id"]; if (jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_video_frame_108').length > 0) { var streffect = 'fade'; if (streffect == "cubeV" || streffect == "cubeH" || streffect == "none" || streffect == "fade") { huge_it_fade_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else { huge_it_fade_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } else { huge_it_fade_108(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_108').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_108').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_108').addClass('none'); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_108').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_108').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_108').addClass('none'); } jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_108').addClass('none'); jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_108').addClass('none'); huge_it_move_dots_108(); /*** for vimeo and youtube stop pause play etc... ***/ var nextVideo = jQuery('#video_id_108_' + key).attr('data-element-id'); var currentVideo = jQuery('#video_id_108_' + current_key).attr('data-element-id'); /*** add ***/ (currentVideo || nextVideo) && stopYoutubeVideo(currentVideo, nextVideo); if ((jQuery('#player_108_' + current_key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo')) { jQuery('#player_108_' + current_key).vimeo('pause'); } if ((jQuery('#player_108_' + key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo') && ('off' == 'on')) { jQuery('#player_108_' + key).vimeo('play'); } /*** ***/ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_' +108]); play_108(); } } var staticthumbWidth; jQuery(window).load(function() { staticthumbWidth = jQuery('#huge_it_thumb_slider>li').width(); }); function huge_it_popup_resize_108() { var staticsliderwidth =850; var sliderwidth =850; var bodyWidth = jQuery(window).width(); var parentWidth = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_108").parent().width(); if (sliderwidth > parentWidth) { sliderwidth = parentWidth; } if (sliderwidth > bodyWidth) { sliderwidth = bodyWidth; } var str=478/(staticsliderwidth); var str2 =100/850; var sliderDynamicImageHeight = sliderwidth*str; var sliderDynamicThumbHeight = 0; jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_108').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight+sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_108').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_108 li').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery("#huge_it_loading_image_108").css({display: "none"}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_108").css({opacity: 1}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_108").removeClass("nocolor"); if ("resize"=="crop"){ jQuery(".huge_it_slider_ul li img").each(function(){ if(jQuery(this).prop('naturalWidth')>jQuery(this).prop('naturalHeight')) jQuery(this).css({'width':'100%','height':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); else{ jQuery(this).css({'height':'100%','width':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); } }); } jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_108").css({opacity:1}); } jQuery(window).load(function () { jQuery(window).resize(function() { huge_it_popup_resize_108(); }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_left_108').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_108(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_108').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_108').val()) - iterator_108()) >= 0 ? (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_108').val()) - iterator_108()) % data_108.length : data_108.length - 1, data_108,false,true); return false; }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_right_108').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_108(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_108').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_108').val()) + iterator_108()) % data_108.length, data_108,false,true); return false; }); huge_it_popup_resize_108(); /* Disable right click.*/ jQuery('div[id^="huge_it_container"]').bind("contextmenu", function () { return false; }); /*HOVER SLIDESHOW*/ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_108, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_108, .huge_it_slideshow_dots_container_108,#huge_it_slideshow_right_108,#huge_it_slideshow_left_108").hover(function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_108").css({'display':'inline'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_108").css({'display':'inline'}); },function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_108").css({'display':'none'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_108").css({'display':'none'}); }); if(pausehover=="on" && !/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_108, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_108").hover(function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+108]); scrolling = false; },function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+108]); scrolling = true; play_108(); }); } play_108(); }); function play_108(){ if(scrolling || /Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+108] = setInterval(function () { var iterator = 1; huge_it_change_image_108(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_108').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_108').val()) + iterator) % data_108.length, data_108,false,false); }, '4000'); } } jQuery(window).focus(function() { var i_108 = 0; jQuery(".huge_it_slider_108").children("div").each(function () { if (jQuery(this).css('opacity') == 1) { jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_108").val(i_108); } i_108++; }); }); jQuery(window).blur(function() { console.log(event_stack_108); window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+108]); }); jQuery(window).focus(function() { play_108() });
jQuery(document).ready(function(jQuery) { setInterval(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slider_108').find("li").each(function() { if (jQuery(this).css("opacity") == "1") { var img_id = jQuery(this).attr('id'); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_108').each(function() { var allListElements = jQuery('li[id=' + img_id + ']'); jQuery(this).find(allListElements).not(".bx-clone").each(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_108 li').find(".trans_back").css('background', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.3)'); jQuery(this).find('.trans_back').css('background', 'none'); }) }) } }) }, 100) })
simbolo-art-marr-pall

 NOTE

 

1 Entrambe in Provincia di Cosenza. S. Benedetto Ullano, comunità arbëreshë. 

2 Adamo G. (2016)  

3 Dal greco, Buongiorno. 

4 La Chiesa italo-albanese, dal ‘700 in poi, si è largamente servita dei Canti Sacri popolari per impartire la catechesi, alimentare la fede e inculcare la pietà religiosa. 

5 Molte di queste composizioni sono attribuite a un sacerdote di rito greco di San Giorgio Albanese (CS), Giulio Variboba (1704 – 1788), che, sul modello di Jacopone da Todi, nella sua opera, Gjella e Shën Mëris Virgjër, si serviva di questi canti per istruire ed evangelizzare il popolo.  

6 “Tremenda pena”: i vari momenti della passione, il tradimento, l’arresto, la flagellazione, il percorso verso il Calvario e, infine, la crocifissione e morte del Cristo sono vissuti attraverso il riflesso degli stati d’animo di Maria, che, all’acme della sofferenza, emetterà uno straziante vajtim (lamento). 

7 Cfr., De Gaudio, I.C. (1993). 

9 https://goo.gl/images/AXLJDD Jan Bruegel il Vecchio, Combattimento fra Carnevale e Quaresima, 1559, Vienna, Kunsthistorisches Museum 10 Cfr. Bachtin, M. (2001). 

BIBLIOGRAFIA

 

Adkins Chiti, P. (1982). Donne in musica. Bulzoni. Roma. 

Amalfi, G. (1994). Cento canti del popolo di Serrara d’Ischia. Ranisio, G. (cur.). Napoli (Iediz.1882)