IL SANTUARIO DEL FULMINE SEPOLTO di Gianluca Anglana – Speciale aglie fravaglie – Maggio-Luglio 2020

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IL SANTUARIO DEL FULMINE SEPOLTO

 

Gianluca-Anglana(2)

Potrebbe essere il titolo di un ultimo episodio della saga dell’archeologo-eroe da suggerire a Spielberg. E da ambientare unicamente in Italia. Sì perché, tra i suoi tesori, il Belpaese annovera anche le cosiddette tombe delle folgori. 

 

Nell’agosto di dieci anni fa, a Todi, in Umbria, si fece una scoperta: durante i lavori per la realizzazione di un parco venne alla luce un fulgur conditum, ovvero la tomba di un fulmine. Questo rituale, tipicamente italico, aveva lo scopo di espiare un luogo che era stato colpito da una folgore e consisteva nel sotterramento degli oggetti che ne erano stati distrutti: poiché si riteneva che la caduta di una saetta sulla terra fosse espressione dell’ira divina, l’area veniva recintata e consacrata, al fine di preservare il fuoco celeste. L’azione era quella del condere fulminem: lugubri sacerdoti italici sussurravano litanie, masticavano preghiere e

trasformavano un luogo da profanus in religiosus,

 

eventualmente inumandovi anche i resti del disgraziato che, nei casi di fulmini killer, avesse avuto la iella di trovarsi lì nel momento sbagliato. Il rito era collegato alla liturgia etrusca dei libri fulgurales.  

 

Secondo la Soprintendenza per i beni archeologici dell’Umbria, “la scoperta riveste un particolare interesse poiché rari sono gli esempi relativi a questo rituale”1. Uno di essi si trova nell’area monumentale di Pietrabbondante, a quasi mille metri d’altezza.  

 

All’interno del sepolcro del fulmine è stata ritrovata una statuetta: priva della testa e del braccio sinistro, rappresenta una divinità maschile seduta su un trono. È un oggetto d’arte italica che riproduce fattezze umane, stilizzandole senza alcun intento di imitazione naturalistica2.

Siamo in quello che fu il territorio dei Sanniti Pentri, 

genti aspre, indomite e molto bellicose:

 

prima di sottometterle ed assicurarsi l’egemonia sull’Italia peninsulare, Roma dovette inghiottire una lunga serie di conflitti e persino l’umiliazione delle Forche Caudine. Proprio qui, alle pendici del Monte Caraceno, i Pentri realizzarono un’area sacra, dove si conserva quasi solo il ricordo e praticamente nessuna traccia tangibile di un tempio ionico: fu infatti distrutto nel 217 a.C. dalle truppe di Annibale, quando sostarono in territorio sannitico durante la campagna d’Italia.  

 

Nel II secolo a.C., mentre una pace provvisoria consentiva all’economia delle popolazioni indigene di ripartire, si eresse una nuova area sacra: il ‘Santuario Italico’, il fulcro della Nazione Sannita che oggi si può ammirare.

 

La fortuna di questo luogo gli deriva anche dalla bellezza 

del panorama circostante: quello del Molise più autentico.

 

L’altura domina la valle del fiume Trigno e una terra selvaggia che pare infinita, nell’alternanza tra declivi dolci e rocce impervie, cifra costante della dorsale appenninica. Visioni da Enjoy the silence. 

Il sito è un inesauribile bacino di aggiornamenti scientifici: le risultanze archeologiche hanno spinto gli storici a rivedere alcune informazioni in merito ai Sanniti, la cui organizzazione statuale faceva perno più sulla appartenenza etnico-tribale che sugli ingranaggi costituzionali delle città-stato

 

L’attività di scavo continua a restituire informazioni.

 

Risale allo scorso mese di agosto, il rinvenimento, nell’area più antica del campo archeologico ovvero quella orientale, di un piccolo tempio di sei metri per sei, privo di podio, con pareti in muratura innalzate su uno zoccolo di pietra da taglio e cella unica quasi quadrata. La sua realizzazione fu sospesa poco dopo l’inizio dei lavori, probabilmente a causa della deflagrazione della guerra sociale. In base ai ritrovamenti, sembra plausibile che il manufatto fosse pensato per una divinità femminile3.

Ci sono voluti secoli, letteralmente, per riportare alla luce questo complesso

 

(in parte ad oggi sepolto), articolato in vari edifici tra i quali una domus publica4, tabernae e portici. Sopra tutti domina il teatro-tempio sannitico. 

Il teatro, totalmente realizzato in pietra ed a staffa di cavallo, mutua dalle vicine città della Magna Grecia stilemi architettonici ellenizzanti. È un emiciclo. 

Sembra un parlamentino: se n’è affermata la funzione non soltanto sacra, ma anche politica5 e di rappresentanza per lo stato sannitico nella sua interezza, come farebbe ipotizzare la presenza, sui lati dell’ima cavea, di due figure speculari di Atlante in atto di sorreggere il globo. La gradinata dispone di sedili anatomici ed ergonomici, perché provvisti di una seduta confortevole atta ad accomodare il tratto lombare della schiena, i braccioli scolpiti in forma di zampe di grifo.  

 

Qui si svolgevano i ludi, celebrazioni connesse a ricorrenze religiose. Qui si riunivano i magistrati per prendere decisioni e si ricevevano i dignitari stranieri.

L’unicità di questo luogo è data dallo stretto dialogo urbanistico 

tra il teatro e il tempio: si stima che quest’ultimo 

sia il massimo edificio sannitico esistente.

 

Si ergeva su un podio, sulla cui muratura è tuttora visibile un’iscrizione in lingua osca (idioma che procede da destra verso sinistra)6, e si caratterizzava per la presenza di tre celle dedicate ad altrettante divinità. 

I Sanniti avevano una religione politeista, progressivamente arricchitasi anche di culti di matrice militare (Victoria) e civile (Honos) ed orientati alla venerazione della fertilità cioè della dea Ops Consiva, colei che i Romani conoscevano come Abudantia. Quello della fertilità è un tema ricorrente nelle comunità del Sannio, dedite all’agricoltura e alla pastorizia:

 

la Tavola Osca, risalente al III secolo a.C., ritrovata a metà ottocento poco lontano 

da Pietrabbondante, nei pressi di Agnone, ed oggi conservata 

al British Museum, è il Pantheon agreste dei Sanniti.

 

Si tratta di un documento eccezionale poiché fornisce informazioni preziose sulla fede nel Sannio, anche attraverso un elenco di divinità. 

Quella più importante è certamente Kerres, la grande Madre, la Terra dispensatrice di messi e quindi di vita. C’è lei in cima alla lista delle divinità di maggior riguardo, lei era quella da tenersi buona, e pazienza per il povero Díuveí Regaturei, il Signore delle piogge, versione annacquata del Giove Pluvio dei Latini, sistemato a metà processione, nella sezione inferiore di questa hit parade olimpica. Chi può dire se, proprio per questo sgarbo, Egli si fosse adirato decidendo così di scagliare sulla terra e sulla colpevole distrazione degli umani una delle sue saette, che poi solleciti sacerdoti si precipitarono a seppellire7. 

 

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ty = ty === 'min-auto' ? - contHeight : ty; /* Loop through cols*/ for (var i = 0; i 0) { var add = colRemainder >= colAdd ? colAdd : colRemainder; newColWidth += add; colRemainder -= add; } /* Nested loop to create row gridlets for each col.*/ for (var j = 0; j 0) { add = newRowRemainder >= rowAdd ? rowAdd : rowRemainder; newRowHeight += add; newRowRemainder -= add; } /* Create & append gridlet to grid.*/ grid.append(huge_it_gridlet(newColWidth, newRowHeight, topDist, img_topDst, leftDist, img_leftDist, imgSrc, imgWidth, imgHeight, i, j)); topDist += newRowHeight; img_topDst -= newRowHeight; } img_leftDist -= newColWidth; leftDist += newColWidth; } /* Set event listener on last gridlet to finish transitioning.*/ var last_gridlet = grid.children().last(); /* Show grid & hide the image it replaces.*/ grid.show(); cur_img.css('opacity', 0); /* Add identifying classes to corner gridlets (useful if applying border radius).*/ grid.children().first().addClass('rs-top-left'); grid.children().last().addClass('rs-bottom-right'); grid.children().eq(rows - 1).addClass('rs-bottom-left'); grid.children().eq(- rows).addClass('rs-top-right'); /* Execution steps.*/ setTimeout(function () { grid.children().css({ opacity: op, transform: 'rotate('+ ro +'deg) translateX('+ tx +'px) translateY('+ ty +'px) scale('+ sc +')' }); }, 1); jQuery(next_image_class).css('opacity', 1); /* After transition.*/ jQuery(last_gridlet).one('webkitTransitionEnd transitionend otransitionend oTransitionEnd mstransitionend', jQuery.proxy(huge_it_after_trans)); function huge_it_after_trans() { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); cur_img.css('opacity', 1); grid.remove(); huge_it_trans_in_progress_125 = false; if (typeof event_stack_125 !== 'undefined' && event_stack_125.length > 0) { key = event_stack_125[0].split("-"); event_stack_125.shift(); huge_it_change_image_125(key[0], key[1], data_125, true,false); } } } function huge_it_sliceH_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_125(1, 8, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_sliceV_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_125(10, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideV_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } huge_it_grid_125(1, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideH_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_125(1, 1, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleOut_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_125(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleIn_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_125(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blockScale_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_125(8, 6, 0, 0, 0, .6, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_kaleidoscope_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_125(10, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_fan_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var rotate = 45; var translateX = 100; } else if (direction == 'left') { var rotate = -45; var translateX = -100; } huge_it_grid_125(1, 10, rotate, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blindV_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_125(1, 8, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_blindH_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_125(10, 1, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_random_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { var anims = ['sliceH', 'sliceV', 'slideH', 'slideV', 'scaleOut', 'scaleIn', 'blockScale', 'kaleidoscope', 'fan', 'blindH', 'blindV']; /* Pick a random transition from the anims array.*/ this["huge_it_" + anims[Math.floor(Math.random() * anims.length)] + "_125"](current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function iterator_125() { return 1; } function huge_it_change_image_125(current_key, key, data_125, from_effect, clicked) { if (data_125[key]) { if (!from_effect) { // Change image key. jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_125").val(key); current_key = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_125").attr("data-image_key"); } if (huge_it_trans_in_progress_125) { event_stack_125.push(current_key + '-' + key); return; } var direction = 'right'; if (huge_it_current_key_125 > key) { direction = 'left'; } else if (huge_it_current_key_125 == key) { return false; } // Set active thumbnail position. huge_it_current_key_125 = key; jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_125").attr('data-image_id', data_125[key]["id"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_title_text_125").html(data_125[key]["alt"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_description_text_125").html(data_125[key]["description"]); var current_image_class = "#image_id_125_" + data_125[current_key]["id"]; var next_image_class = "#image_id_125_" + data_125[key]["id"]; if (jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_video_frame_125').length > 0) { var streffect = 'fade'; if (streffect == "cubeV" || streffect == "cubeH" || streffect == "none" || streffect == "fade") { huge_it_fade_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else { huge_it_fade_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } else { huge_it_fade_125(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_125').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_125').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_125').addClass('none'); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_125').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_125').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_125').addClass('none'); } jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_125').addClass('none'); jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_125').addClass('none'); huge_it_move_dots_125(); /*** for vimeo and youtube stop pause play etc... ***/ var nextVideo = jQuery('#video_id_125_' + key).attr('data-element-id'); var currentVideo = jQuery('#video_id_125_' + current_key).attr('data-element-id'); /*** add ***/ (currentVideo || nextVideo) && stopYoutubeVideo(currentVideo, nextVideo); if ((jQuery('#player_125_' + current_key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo')) { jQuery('#player_125_' + current_key).vimeo('pause'); } if ((jQuery('#player_125_' + key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo') && ('off' == 'on')) { jQuery('#player_125_' + key).vimeo('play'); } /*** ***/ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_' +125]); play_125(); } } var staticthumbWidth; jQuery(window).load(function() { staticthumbWidth = jQuery('#huge_it_thumb_slider>li').width(); }); function huge_it_popup_resize_125() { var staticsliderwidth =850; var sliderwidth =850; var bodyWidth = jQuery(window).width(); var parentWidth = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_125").parent().width(); if (sliderwidth > parentWidth) { sliderwidth = parentWidth; } if (sliderwidth > bodyWidth) { sliderwidth = bodyWidth; } var str=638/(staticsliderwidth); var str2 =100/850; var sliderDynamicImageHeight = sliderwidth*str; var sliderDynamicThumbHeight = 0; jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_125').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight+sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_125').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_125 li').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery("#huge_it_loading_image_125").css({display: "none"}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_125").css({opacity: 1}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_125").removeClass("nocolor"); if ("resize"=="crop"){ jQuery(".huge_it_slider_ul li img").each(function(){ if(jQuery(this).prop('naturalWidth')>jQuery(this).prop('naturalHeight')) jQuery(this).css({'width':'100%','height':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); else{ jQuery(this).css({'height':'100%','width':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); } }); } jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_125").css({opacity:1}); } jQuery(window).load(function () { jQuery(window).resize(function() { huge_it_popup_resize_125(); }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_left_125').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_125(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_125').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_125').val()) - iterator_125()) >= 0 ? (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_125').val()) - iterator_125()) % data_125.length : data_125.length - 1, data_125,false,true); return false; }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_right_125').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_125(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_125').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_125').val()) + iterator_125()) % data_125.length, data_125,false,true); return false; }); huge_it_popup_resize_125(); /* Disable right click.*/ jQuery('div[id^="huge_it_container"]').bind("contextmenu", function () { return false; }); /*HOVER SLIDESHOW*/ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_125, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_125, .huge_it_slideshow_dots_container_125,#huge_it_slideshow_right_125,#huge_it_slideshow_left_125").hover(function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_125").css({'display':'inline'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_125").css({'display':'inline'}); },function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_125").css({'display':'none'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_125").css({'display':'none'}); }); if(pausehover=="on" && !/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_125, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_125").hover(function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+125]); scrolling = false; },function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+125]); scrolling = true; play_125(); }); } play_125(); }); function play_125(){ if(scrolling || /Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+125] = setInterval(function () { var iterator = 1; huge_it_change_image_125(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_125').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_125').val()) + iterator) % data_125.length, data_125,false,false); }, '4000'); } } jQuery(window).focus(function() { var i_125 = 0; jQuery(".huge_it_slider_125").children("div").each(function () { if (jQuery(this).css('opacity') == 1) { jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_125").val(i_125); } i_125++; }); }); jQuery(window).blur(function() { console.log(event_stack_125); window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+125]); }); jQuery(window).focus(function() { play_125() });
jQuery(document).ready(function(jQuery) { setInterval(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slider_125').find("li").each(function() { if (jQuery(this).css("opacity") == "1") { var img_id = jQuery(this).attr('id'); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_125').each(function() { var allListElements = jQuery('li[id=' + img_id + ']'); jQuery(this).find(allListElements).not(".bx-clone").each(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_125 li').find(".trans_back").css('background', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.3)'); jQuery(this).find('.trans_back').css('background', 'none'); }) }) } }) }, 100) })

 

 

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