CASSANO IONIO TRA STORIA E LEGGENDA di Francesco Serra di Cassano – Numero 15 – Ottobre 2019

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CASSANO IONIO TRA STORIA      E LEGGENDA

 

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A Cassano Ionio, in provincia di Cosenza, la natura è stata avara di terra, ma le ha dato in cambio una bellezza scenografica veramente insolita, “oggetto di cupida ammirazione” ai tempi delle incursioni saracene, quando il feroce emiro Al Hasan, dopo averla conquistata nel giugno del 951, scrisse che gli era piaciuta “perché è assai bella”.

grand_tour_nella_piana_di_sibari2

Quanto fosse bella e importante la città, come racconta uno dei suoi biografi, Vincenzo Saletta1, è dimostrato dai numerosi tentativi fatti da Longobardi, Bizantini e Saraceni per impossessarsene.  

 

Nell’anno 969, in particolare, Cassano fu teatro di uno degli episodi più sanguinosi della sua storia. L’imperatore bizantino Niceforo Foca aveva finto di concedere la mano della principessa Teofania al giovane figlio di Ottone di Sassonia (il futuro Ottone II).

 

Ottone, per ricevere degnamente la promessa sposa del figlio, aveva inviato un folto gruppo di persone autorevoli del suo seguito, i quali, presso Cassano,

 

vennero circondati e fatti a pezzi dai soldati bizantini appoggiati dai reparti di stanza proprio nel castello di Cassano. La reazione di Ottone fu “rabbiosa e crudele”: i bizantini furono raggiunti e sopraffatti in contrada Timpone Rosso di Cassano, i prigionieri uccisi, mentre quelli più autorevoli, tra i quali i duchi Antario e Sigifredo, ebbero il naso tagliato e, così mutilati, imbarcati e inviati a Costantinopoli.

La città fu in parte saccheggiata, in parte data alle fiamme,

 

e non si sarebbe salvata dalla definitiva rovina se Ottone non si fosse determinato a perdonare gli abitanti, prendendo la residenza nel castello dentro la città, dove rimase fino al 18 aprile di quello stesso anno, per celebrarvi la Pasqua. 

 

Il problema della fondazione di Cassano2, connesso a quello della sua esatta ubicazione, è un dilemma comune a tutte le città della Magna Grecia e investe i diversi periodi storici (pre-greco, greco e magno-greco) e le relative grandi differenziazioni di costumi, società, istituzioni, alle quali si devono aggiungere le ulteriori trasformazioni avvenute in epoca bizantina e moderna

 

Ad ognuno di questi periodi corrispondono altrettante ubicazioni, 

spesso sensibilmente diverse tra loro, che non sempre 

l’indagine storico-archeologica

è riuscita ad identificare.

 

Per quel che riguarda il primitivo sito di Cassano, allorché la fondarono gli Enotri verso il secolo XIV-XV a.C. con il nome greco di Cossa, “possiamo supporre, sulla base di sicuri indizi […] che esso fosse sulle pendici nord-occidentali del monte Marzio (oggi Pietra del Castello) in una posizione approssimativamente compresa tra la contrada Acquarella ad est di Pancaro e la contrada Appicello al di sopra della riva destra del fiume Eiano”3. Gli Enotri (cultori del vino) erano un popolo dedito soprattutto alla pastorizia ed avevano come simbolo il toro, il vitulus.

La regione prese così il nome di Vitalia, da cui sarebbe poi derivato 

il nome Italia. Sopraggiunta l’emigrazione achea (sec. VIII a.C.), 

“la città si estese verso l’alto, approssimativamente attorno 

all’attuale piazzetta di S. Agostino, dove venne costruita 

la prima fortezza,

 

e verso oriente, oltre il sito dove oggi sorge il rione Pié d’Ulivo, mentre i prischi abitanti venivano sospinti verso la parte occidentale del territorio e costretti, forse in condizioni di semi-cittadini a crearsi nuove fonti di vita nelle terre dell’interno”4.  

 

Dopo la distruzione di Sibari (510 a.C.), anche Cassano venne distrutta dai Crotoniati, che inseguivano i Sibariti in rotta e, così, i suoi abitanti si dispersero, cercando rifugio nelle vicine città, dove rimasero per oltre 60 anni.

Furono i Thurini, insieme ai Sibariti che avevano interessi nel territorio circostante, 

ad aiutare i Cassanesi a ricostruire la loro città, che sorse, secondo 

quanto ricostruisce Saletta, all’incirca nella zona dove si trova 

ancora oggi, incastonata in una natura 

rigogliosa e imprevedibile,

 

circondata da sette colli (Megalite, Astrolomo, Pallice, Pierio, Strongilo, Flaminio, Termi), ai quali è legata gran parte della sua storia e intorno a cui sono stati creati i più interessanti miti della Magna Grecia. La città venne circondata di mura, che esistevano ancora in epoca romana, e l’acropoli venne costruita in alto sulle pendici della Pietra di S. Marco.  

 

I coloni greci, spiega Saletta, “per quello scrupolo religioso tanto bene delineato da Omero, non solo ricreavano nei luoghi dove sbarcavano il profilo toponomastico della patria d’origine, ma lo serbavano sempre uguale ogni volta che erano costretti a mutare sito”.

E’ probabile che la pianta della città fosse ottagonale con due strade principali 

che si incrociavano ad angolo retto, con l’agorà nei punti di incrocio, 

l’acropoli e l’abitazione dell’Egemone nella zona più alta.

 

“Tale pianta, che del resto si riferiva al sistema assiale delle città italiche […] e che risultò di grande effetto scenografico, appare, ancora oggi, chiarissima a chi osservi la città dall’alto della Pietra di Castello”5. Più a sud dell’attuale sito della Cattedrale, venne costruito il tempio di Zeus, mentre le abitazioni vennero costruite sul dorsale sassoso verso l’alto, come a Selinunte, avendo come asse maggiore e centrale l’attuale via della Silicata, abbellita da piccole case costruite ad insulae sui lati, con porte senza archi, con scale esterne appoggiate alle facciate secondo la tecnica greco-romana.   

 

Nell’anno 286 a.C., secondo quanto riferisce Plutarco, la città ebbe un nuovo incremento di popolazione con l’arrivo della vexillatio di coloni romani guidati da C. Flaminio.

La distribuzione di terre ai coloni, data la particolare situazione topografica 

della città, si effettuò verso est e verso sud-est, in tutto il territorio compreso

 tra l’attuale frazione di Lauropoli e quella di Doria, dove sono stati 

rinvenuti frammenti di laterizi e di suppellettili di epoca romana.

 

La denominazione “Lauropoli” è di più recente formazione e risale all’anno 1763, quando la frazione venne ricostruita e ripopolata dalla duchessa Laura Serra. Durante la Repubblica Romana, Cassano fu dichiarata Municipio e, in seguito, poiché parteggiava per Cesare, fu assediata da T. Annio Milone. Nei secoli successivi, dopo gli splendori dell’Ellade e il dominio di Roma (il più lungo in assoluto, dal IV secolo a.C. al 537 d.C.), Cassano rifiorì come uno dei primi comuni calabresi che abbracciò il Cristianesimo (secondo alcune testimonianze vi giunsero per annunciare il messaggio evangelico S. Pietro e S. Marco).

Quando i Bizantini riconquistarono la Calabria, Cassano fu scelta come sede 

di Diocesi, poiché le sue Comunità erano attive ed erano centro di apostolato 

per largo raggio, mentre, all’epoca degli Angioini, divenne feudo 

di Icerio de Mignac, come trascritto nel regio registro del 1284. 

 

Di un certo interesse mitologico è anche lo stemma del comune cassanese che riproduce il Liocorno, mostro leggendario dal corpo di cavallo, testa di cervo, zampe d’elefante e in fronte un solo corno. Secondo i Greci, aveva poteri straordinari e misteriosi.  

 

I sette colli, il centro storico ed il complesso termale rappresentano oggi un percorso culturale di grande interesse che, attraversando i centri di Lauropoli, Doria e Sibari lungo un territorio che si estende ad anfiteatro, da levante a ponente, conduce fino alla splendida Baia della Luna, in cui trovano posto nuovi siti turistici con gli antichi reperti archeologici, testimonianza dei popoli insediatisi in queste terre.

Il paese di Cassano appare ai visitatori anche come lo scenario di un grande presepio, dove colli, boschi, rocce e abitato richiamano in vita tradizioni antichissime 

e leggende, che hanno fuso civiltà diverse nel corso della storia 

e che costituiscono l’humus della più nobile tradizione europea.  

 

 

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ty = ty === 'min-auto' ? - contHeight : ty; /* Loop through cols*/ for (var i = 0; i 0) { var add = colRemainder >= colAdd ? colAdd : colRemainder; newColWidth += add; colRemainder -= add; } /* Nested loop to create row gridlets for each col.*/ for (var j = 0; j 0) { add = newRowRemainder >= rowAdd ? rowAdd : rowRemainder; newRowHeight += add; newRowRemainder -= add; } /* Create & append gridlet to grid.*/ grid.append(huge_it_gridlet(newColWidth, newRowHeight, topDist, img_topDst, leftDist, img_leftDist, imgSrc, imgWidth, imgHeight, i, j)); topDist += newRowHeight; img_topDst -= newRowHeight; } img_leftDist -= newColWidth; leftDist += newColWidth; } /* Set event listener on last gridlet to finish transitioning.*/ var last_gridlet = grid.children().last(); /* Show grid & hide the image it replaces.*/ grid.show(); cur_img.css('opacity', 0); /* Add identifying classes to corner gridlets (useful if applying border radius).*/ grid.children().first().addClass('rs-top-left'); grid.children().last().addClass('rs-bottom-right'); grid.children().eq(rows - 1).addClass('rs-bottom-left'); grid.children().eq(- rows).addClass('rs-top-right'); /* Execution steps.*/ setTimeout(function () { grid.children().css({ opacity: op, transform: 'rotate('+ ro +'deg) translateX('+ tx +'px) translateY('+ ty +'px) scale('+ sc +')' }); }, 1); jQuery(next_image_class).css('opacity', 1); /* After transition.*/ jQuery(last_gridlet).one('webkitTransitionEnd transitionend otransitionend oTransitionEnd mstransitionend', jQuery.proxy(huge_it_after_trans)); function huge_it_after_trans() { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); cur_img.css('opacity', 1); grid.remove(); huge_it_trans_in_progress_107 = false; if (typeof event_stack_107 !== 'undefined' && event_stack_107.length > 0) { key = event_stack_107[0].split("-"); event_stack_107.shift(); huge_it_change_image_107(key[0], key[1], data_107, true,false); } } } function huge_it_sliceH_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_107(1, 8, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_sliceV_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_107(10, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideV_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } huge_it_grid_107(1, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideH_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_107(1, 1, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleOut_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_107(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleIn_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_107(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blockScale_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_107(8, 6, 0, 0, 0, .6, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_kaleidoscope_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_107(10, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_fan_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var rotate = 45; var translateX = 100; } else if (direction == 'left') { var rotate = -45; var translateX = -100; } huge_it_grid_107(1, 10, rotate, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blindV_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_107(1, 8, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_blindH_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_107(10, 1, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_random_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { var anims = ['sliceH', 'sliceV', 'slideH', 'slideV', 'scaleOut', 'scaleIn', 'blockScale', 'kaleidoscope', 'fan', 'blindH', 'blindV']; /* Pick a random transition from the anims array.*/ this["huge_it_" + anims[Math.floor(Math.random() * anims.length)] + "_107"](current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function iterator_107() { return 1; } function huge_it_change_image_107(current_key, key, data_107, from_effect, clicked) { if (data_107[key]) { if (!from_effect) { // Change image key. jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_107").val(key); current_key = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_107").attr("data-image_key"); } if (huge_it_trans_in_progress_107) { event_stack_107.push(current_key + '-' + key); return; } var direction = 'right'; if (huge_it_current_key_107 > key) { direction = 'left'; } else if (huge_it_current_key_107 == key) { return false; } // Set active thumbnail position. huge_it_current_key_107 = key; jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_107").attr('data-image_id', data_107[key]["id"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_title_text_107").html(data_107[key]["alt"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_description_text_107").html(data_107[key]["description"]); var current_image_class = "#image_id_107_" + data_107[current_key]["id"]; var next_image_class = "#image_id_107_" + data_107[key]["id"]; if (jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_video_frame_107').length > 0) { var streffect = 'fade'; if (streffect == "cubeV" || streffect == "cubeH" || streffect == "none" || streffect == "fade") { huge_it_fade_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else { huge_it_fade_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } else { huge_it_fade_107(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_107').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_107').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_107').addClass('none'); } jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_107').removeClass('none'); if (jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_107').html() == "") { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_107').addClass('none'); } jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_title_text_107').addClass('none'); jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_slideshow_description_text_107').addClass('none'); huge_it_move_dots_107(); /*** for vimeo and youtube stop pause play etc... ***/ var nextVideo = jQuery('#video_id_107_' + key).attr('data-element-id'); var currentVideo = jQuery('#video_id_107_' + current_key).attr('data-element-id'); /*** add ***/ (currentVideo || nextVideo) && stopYoutubeVideo(currentVideo, nextVideo); if ((jQuery('#player_107_' + current_key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo')) { jQuery('#player_107_' + current_key).vimeo('pause'); } if ((jQuery('#player_107_' + key)).hasClass('huge-it-iframe-vimeo') && ('off' == 'on')) { jQuery('#player_107_' + key).vimeo('play'); } /*** ***/ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_' +107]); play_107(); } } var staticthumbWidth; jQuery(window).load(function() { staticthumbWidth = jQuery('#huge_it_thumb_slider>li').width(); }); function huge_it_popup_resize_107() { var staticsliderwidth =850; var sliderwidth =850; var bodyWidth = jQuery(window).width(); var parentWidth = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_107").parent().width(); if (sliderwidth > parentWidth) { sliderwidth = parentWidth; } if (sliderwidth > bodyWidth) { sliderwidth = bodyWidth; } var str=578/(staticsliderwidth); var str2 =100/850; var sliderDynamicImageHeight = sliderwidth*str; var sliderDynamicThumbHeight = 0; jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_107').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight+sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_107').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicImageHeight}); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_107 li').css({'max-height':sliderDynamicThumbHeight}); jQuery("#huge_it_loading_image_107").css({display: "none"}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap1_107").css({opacity: 1}); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_107").removeClass("nocolor"); if ("resize"=="crop"){ jQuery(".huge_it_slider_ul li img").each(function(){ if(jQuery(this).prop('naturalWidth')>jQuery(this).prop('naturalHeight')) jQuery(this).css({'width':'100%','height':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); else{ jQuery(this).css({'height':'100%','width':'auto'/*,'top':'50%','left':'50%','transform':'translate( -50%, -50% )'*/}); } }); } jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_107").css({opacity:1}); } jQuery(window).load(function () { jQuery(window).resize(function() { huge_it_popup_resize_107(); }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_left_107').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_107(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_107').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_107').val()) - iterator_107()) >= 0 ? (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_107').val()) - iterator_107()) % data_107.length : data_107.length - 1, data_107,false,true); return false; }); jQuery('#huge_it_slideshow_right_107').on('click',function(){ huge_it_change_image_107(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_107').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_107').val()) + iterator_107()) % data_107.length, data_107,false,true); return false; }); huge_it_popup_resize_107(); /* Disable right click.*/ jQuery('div[id^="huge_it_container"]').bind("contextmenu", function () { return false; }); /*HOVER SLIDESHOW*/ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_107, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_107, .huge_it_slideshow_dots_container_107,#huge_it_slideshow_right_107,#huge_it_slideshow_left_107").hover(function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_107").css({'display':'inline'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_107").css({'display':'inline'}); },function(){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_right_107").css({'display':'none'}); jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_left_107").css({'display':'none'}); }); if(pausehover=="on" && !/Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_container_107, .huge_it_slideshow_image_container_107").hover(function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+107]); scrolling = false; },function(){ window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+107]); scrolling = true; play_107(); }); } play_107(); }); function play_107(){ if(scrolling || /Android|webOS|iPhone|iPad|iPod|BlackBerry|IEMobile|Opera Mini/i.test(navigator.userAgent)){ huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+107] = setInterval(function () { var iterator = 1; huge_it_change_image_107(parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_107').val()), (parseInt(jQuery('#huge_it_current_image_key_107').val()) + iterator) % data_107.length, data_107,false,false); }, '4000'); } } jQuery(window).focus(function() { var i_107 = 0; jQuery(".huge_it_slider_107").children("div").each(function () { if (jQuery(this).css('opacity') == 1) { jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_107").val(i_107); } i_107++; }); }); jQuery(window).blur(function() { console.log(event_stack_107); window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+107]); }); jQuery(window).focus(function() { play_107() });
jQuery(document).ready(function(jQuery) { setInterval(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slider_107').find("li").each(function() { if (jQuery(this).css("opacity") == "1") { var img_id = jQuery(this).attr('id'); jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_107').each(function() { var allListElements = jQuery('li[id=' + img_id + ']'); jQuery(this).find(allListElements).not(".bx-clone").each(function() { jQuery('.huge_it_slideshow_thumbs_107 li').find(".trans_back").css('background', 'rgba(255,255,255,0.3)'); jQuery(this).find('.trans_back').css('background', 'none'); }) }) } }) }, 100) })
fine-t-storia

1 Vincenzo Saletta, Storia di Cassano Ionio, Casa editrice Studi meridionali, 1966 

2 Fondamentale testo per la conoscenza della storia e delle leggende legate a Cassano è la monografia del 1857 a cura di Biagio Lanza, Monografia della città di Cassano, Edizioni Brenner, 1971. 

3 V. Saletta, cit. 

4 V. Saletta, cit. 

5 V. Saletta, cit.