BRUJA E ACCABADORA: IN SARDEGNA L’ORIGINE DEL MITO? di Giovanna Mulas – Numero 1 – Luglio 2015

art_mulas-copertina (3)
cat-cultura
cat-storia
Giovanna-Mulas-Verde
accabadura

s’accabadura e che questa resistesse solo tra le persone che, pur con etichetta cristiana, ancora praticavano costumi pagani a debellare i quali ha indubbiamente contribuito il concilio di Trento col rinnovamento della Chiesa cattolica. Secondo Edward Neville Rolfe l’adorazione di Diana era diffusa al punto che, quando il cristianesimo si sostituì al paganesimo, gran parte del simbolismo pagano fu adattato ai nuovi riti e questo rese relativamente semplice la transizione dalla venerazione di Diana a quella della Madonna. E’ da presumere che sia apparsa in Sardegna già dal periodo neolitico, quando popolazioni asiatiche, durante le migrazioni e a ondate successive, approdarono nell’isola. Le loro pratiche conducono ad uno sciamanesimo di tipo siberiano e centro asiatico, confermate dalle tradizioni funerarie e le credenze comuni.

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var huge_it_trans_in_progress_9 = false; var huge_it_transition_duration_9 = 1000; var huge_interval = {}; var id_array_index = sliderID_array.length; sliderID_array[id_array_index] = // Stop autoplay. window.clearInterval(huge_interval['huge_it_playInterval_'+9]); var huge_it_current_key_9 = ''; function huge_it_move_dots_9() { var image_left = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").position().left; var image_right = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").position().left + jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").outerWidth(true); } function huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransitions_9() { return huge_it_testDom_9('Transition'); } function huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransforms3d_9() { return huge_it_testDom_9('Perspective'); } function huge_it_testDom_9(prop) { // Browser vendor CSS prefixes. var browserVendors = ['', '-webkit-', '-moz-', '-ms-', '-o-', '-khtml-']; // Browser vendor DOM prefixes. var domPrefixes = ['', 'Webkit', 'Moz', 'ms', 'O', 'Khtml']; var i = domPrefixes.length; while (i--) { if (typeof document.body.style[domPrefixes[i] + prop] !== 'undefined') { return true; } } return false; } function huge_it_cube_9(tz, ntx, nty, nrx, nry, wrx, wry, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* If browser does not support 3d transforms/CSS transitions.*/ if (!huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransitions_9()) { jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_9 + "_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9"); return huge_it_fallback_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } if (!huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransforms3d_9()) { return huge_it_fallback3d_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } jQuery(current_image_class).css({'z-index': 'none'}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'z-index' : 2}); huge_it_trans_in_progress_9 = true; /* Set active thumbnail.*/ jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9"); 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} } } function huge_it_cubeH_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* Set to half of image width.*/ var dimension = jQuery(current_image_class).width() / 2; if (direction == 'right') { huge_it_cube_9(dimension, dimension, 0, 0, 90, 0, -90, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else if (direction == 'left') { huge_it_cube_9(dimension, -dimension, 0, 0, -90, 0, 90, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } function huge_it_cubeV_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* Set to half of image height.*/ var dimension = jQuery(current_image_class).height() / 2; /* If next slide.*/ if (direction == 'right') { huge_it_cube_9(dimension, 0, -dimension, 90, 0, -90, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else if (direction == 'left') { huge_it_cube_9(dimension, 0, dimension, -90, 0, 90, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } /* For browsers that does not support transitions.*/ function huge_it_fallback_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_fade_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } /* For browsers that support transitions, but not 3d transforms (only used if primary transition makes use of 3d-transforms).*/ function huge_it_fallback3d_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_sliceV_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_none_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); /* Set active thumbnail.*/ jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_9 + "_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9"); } function huge_it_fade_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransitions_9()) { jQuery(next_image_class).css('transition', 'opacity ' + huge_it_transition_duration_9 + 'ms linear'); jQuery(current_image_class).css('transition', 'opacity ' + huge_it_transition_duration_9 + 'ms linear'); jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); } else { jQuery(current_image_class).animate({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index' : 1}, huge_it_transition_duration_9); jQuery(next_image_class).animate({ 'opacity' : 1, 'z-index': 2 }, { duration: huge_it_transition_duration_9, complete: function () {return false;} }); // For IE. jQuery(current_image_class).fadeTo(huge_it_transition_duration_9, 0); jQuery(next_image_class).fadeTo(huge_it_transition_duration_9, 1); } jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_9 + "_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9"); } function huge_it_grid_9(cols, rows, ro, tx, ty, sc, op, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { /* If browser does not support CSS transitions.*/ if (!huge_it_testBrowser_cssTransitions_9()) { jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_9 + "_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9"); return huge_it_fallback_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } huge_it_trans_in_progress_9 = true; /* Set active thumbnail.*/ jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9"); jQuery("#huge_it_dots_" + huge_it_current_key_9 + "_9").removeClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_deactive_9").addClass("huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9"); /* The time (in ms) added to/subtracted from the delay total for each new gridlet.*/ var count = (huge_it_transition_duration_9) / (cols + rows); /* Gridlet creator (divisions of the image grid, positioned with background-images to replicate the look of an entire slide image when assembled)*/ function huge_it_gridlet(width, height, top, img_top, left, img_left, src, imgWidth, imgHeight, c, r) { var delay = (c + r) * count; /* Return a gridlet elem with styles for specific transition.*/ return jQuery('
').css({ width : width, height : height, top : top, left : left, backgroundImage : 'url("' + src + '")', backgroundColor: jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_image_wrap_9").css("background-color"), /*backgroundColor: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0),*/ backgroundRepeat: 'no-repeat', backgroundPosition : img_left + 'px ' + img_top + 'px', backgroundSize : imgWidth + 'px ' + imgHeight + 'px', transition : 'all ' + huge_it_transition_duration_9 + 'ms ease-in-out ' + delay + 'ms', transform : 'none' }); } /* Get the current slide's image.*/ var cur_img = jQuery(current_image_class).find('img'); /* Create a grid to hold the gridlets.*/ var grid = jQuery('
').addClass('huge_it_grid_9'); /* Prepend the grid to the next slide (i.e. so it's above the slide image).*/ jQuery(current_image_class).prepend(grid); /* vars to calculate positioning/size of gridlets*/ var cont = jQuery(".huge_it_slide_bg_9"); var imgWidth = cur_img.width(); var imgHeight = cur_img.height(); var contWidth = cont.width(), contHeight = cont.height(), imgSrc = cur_img.attr('src'),/*.replace('/thumb', ''),*/ colWidth = Math.floor(contWidth / cols), rowHeight = Math.floor(contHeight / rows), colRemainder = contWidth - (cols * colWidth), colAdd = Math.ceil(colRemainder / cols), rowRemainder = contHeight - (rows * rowHeight), rowAdd = Math.ceil(rowRemainder / rows), leftDist = 0, img_leftDist = (jQuery(".huge_it_slide_bg_9").width() - cur_img.width()) / 2; /* tx/ty args can be passed as 'auto'/'min-auto' (meaning use slide width/height or negative slide width/height).*/ tx = tx === 'auto' ? contWidth : tx; tx = tx === 'min-auto' ? - contWidth : tx; ty = ty === 'auto' ? contHeight : ty; ty = ty === 'min-auto' ? - contHeight : ty; /* Loop through cols*/ for (var i = 0; i 0) { var add = colRemainder >= colAdd ? colAdd : colRemainder; newColWidth += add; colRemainder -= add; } /* Nested loop to create row gridlets for each col.*/ for (var j = 0; j 0) { add = newRowRemainder >= rowAdd ? rowAdd : rowRemainder; newRowHeight += add; newRowRemainder -= add; } /* Create & append gridlet to grid.*/ grid.append(huge_it_gridlet(newColWidth, newRowHeight, topDist, img_topDst, leftDist, img_leftDist, imgSrc, imgWidth, imgHeight, i, j)); topDist += newRowHeight; img_topDst -= newRowHeight; } img_leftDist -= newColWidth; leftDist += newColWidth; } /* Set event listener on last gridlet to finish transitioning.*/ var last_gridlet = grid.children().last(); /* Show grid & hide the image it replaces.*/ grid.show(); cur_img.css('opacity', 0); /* Add identifying classes to corner gridlets (useful if applying border radius).*/ grid.children().first().addClass('rs-top-left'); grid.children().last().addClass('rs-bottom-right'); grid.children().eq(rows - 1).addClass('rs-bottom-left'); grid.children().eq(- rows).addClass('rs-top-right'); /* Execution steps.*/ setTimeout(function () { grid.children().css({ opacity: op, transform: 'rotate('+ ro +'deg) translateX('+ tx +'px) translateY('+ ty +'px) scale('+ sc +')' }); }, 1); jQuery(next_image_class).css('opacity', 1); /* After transition.*/ jQuery(last_gridlet).one('webkitTransitionEnd transitionend otransitionend oTransitionEnd mstransitionend', jQuery.proxy(huge_it_after_trans)); function huge_it_after_trans() { jQuery(current_image_class).css({'opacity' : 0, 'z-index': 1}); jQuery(next_image_class).css({'opacity' : 1, 'z-index' : 2}); cur_img.css('opacity', 1); grid.remove(); huge_it_trans_in_progress_9 = false; if (typeof event_stack_9 !== 'undefined' && event_stack_9.length > 0) { key = event_stack_9[0].split("-"); event_stack_9.shift(); huge_it_change_image_9(key[0], key[1], data_9, true,false); } } } function huge_it_sliceH_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_9(1, 8, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_sliceV_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_9(10, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideV_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateY = 'auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateY = 'min-auto'; } huge_it_grid_9(1, 1, 0, 0, translateY, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_slideH_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var translateX = 'min-auto'; } else if (direction == 'left') { var translateX = 'auto'; } huge_it_grid_9(1, 1, 0, translateX, 0, 1, 1, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleOut_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_9(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_scaleIn_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_9(1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blockScale_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_9(8, 6, 0, 0, 0, .6, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_kaleidoscope_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_9(10, 8, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_fan_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { if (direction == 'right') { var rotate = 45; var translateX = 100; } else if (direction == 'left') { var rotate = -45; var translateX = -100; } huge_it_grid_9(1, 10, rotate, translateX, 0, 1, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function huge_it_blindV_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_9(1, 8, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_blindH_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { huge_it_grid_9(10, 1, 0, 0, 0, .7, 0, current_image_class, next_image_class); } function huge_it_random_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction) { var anims = ['sliceH', 'sliceV', 'slideH', 'slideV', 'scaleOut', 'scaleIn', 'blockScale', 'kaleidoscope', 'fan', 'blindH', 'blindV']; /* Pick a random transition from the anims array.*/ this["huge_it_" + anims[Math.floor(Math.random() * anims.length)] + "_9"](current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } function iterator_9() { return 1; } function huge_it_change_image_9(current_key, key, data_9, from_effect, clicked) { if (data_9[key]) { if (!from_effect) { // Change image key. jQuery("#huge_it_current_image_key_9").val(key); current_key = jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_dots_active_9").attr("data-image_key"); } if (huge_it_trans_in_progress_9) { event_stack_9.push(current_key + '-' + key); return; } var direction = 'right'; if (huge_it_current_key_9 > key) { direction = 'left'; } else if (huge_it_current_key_9 == key) { return false; } // Set active thumbnail position. huge_it_current_key_9 = key; jQuery("#huge_it_slideshow_image_9").attr('data-image_id', data_9[key]["id"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_title_text_9").html(data_9[key]["alt"]); jQuery(".huge_it_slideshow_description_text_9").html(data_9[key]["description"]); var current_image_class = "#image_id_9_" + data_9[current_key]["id"]; var next_image_class = "#image_id_9_" + data_9[key]["id"]; if (jQuery(current_image_class).find('.huge_it_video_frame_9').length > 0) { var streffect = 'fade'; if (streffect == "cubeV" || streffect == "cubeH" || streffect == "none" || streffect == "fade") { huge_it_fade_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } else { huge_it_fade_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); } } else { huge_it_fade_9(current_image_class, next_image_class, direction); 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quali le scuole occulte di magia, il Neo-Platonismo, la Cabala, le eresie cristiane, la magia e il dualismo persiani, unitamente ai resti della teologia greca ed egiziana in voga ad Alessandria nel terzo e quarto secolo d.C., nella Casa della Luce nel Cairo del nono secolo,

’esasperazione dell’assurda demonologia del Malleus Maleficarum non fu il logico sviluppo di un’idea religiosa ma il risultato sociale di una rinnovata guerra ideologica e del conseguente clima di paura.

Sfere-Fine-Pagina

BRUJA E ACCABADORA: IN SARDEGNA L’ORIGINE DEL MITO?

 

L’Angius si domanda se la pratica alquanto stregonesca dell’accabadura possa provenire dal geronticidio che i figli praticavano anticamente verso i padri settantenni,

e in effetti numerose testimonianze che ho raccolto per il mio ‘Nessuno doveva Sapere, Nessuno doveva Sentire’ fanno riferimento ad un’antica oralità tramandata loro di “montagne di Baunei o Elini da dove venivano buttati i vecchi perché troppo vecchi e malati. Anche ai piccioccheddos maladios (ragazzini, bambini malati o nati deformi – N.d.A.) facevano questa faccenda”.

Una delle tattiche più efficaci adottate dalla chiesa cristiana nei confronti dei convertiti o dei potenziali convertiti che continuassero a adorare i loro dei pagani, era di demonizzare quegli dei affermando che erano effettivamente demoni o il Diavolo stesso. Poiché questa equazione veniva fatta frequentemente, i cristiani cominciarono a rappresentare il diavolo secondo la visione che i pagani avevano dei loro dei.

Questo perché, negli antichi tempi pagani, gli umili non sapevano che tutti gli uomini erano uguali davanti a un Dio, e che anche come schiavi avevano dei diritti sulla terra.

Che molti abusi fossero mitigati ed esistessero santi benevoli non cambia la realtà dei fatti e cioè che in generale, per molti secoli, l’umanità sia vissuta in condizioni peggiori di prima e la causa maggiore di questa sofferenza si potrebbe addebitare ad una nuova consapevolezza dei diritti negati,

Se Edwards e Tendale hanno fatto cenno a uomini dediti all’accabadura, lo Spano include il termine nel suo vocabolario solo al femminile. Scrive: “accabadoras, ucciditrici, uccidenti”. La tradizione lascerebbe intendere che la parte della popolazione più cristianizzata fosse riuscita a debellare 

cosa che rappresenta di per se stessa una tortura. Queste circostanze erano rese più dure dalle prediche continue al popolo: era un dovere soffrire e sopportare oppressione e tirannia, e i diritti dell’ autorità di ogni tipo erano tali da giustificare anche i peggiori abusi. Difendendo l’autorità dei nobili, la Chiesa conservava la propria. L’era della grande caccia alle streghe fu l’epoca delle grandi rivolte popolari nella storia d’Europa, secoli che videro guerre civili religiose e le prime rivoluzioni nazionali dell’età moderna. I disordini terrorizzavano i membri delle classi dominanti di tutta Europa, le loro paure si rispecchiavano nella fantasia del sabba. Alla pari dello stesso diavolo che aveva intrapreso la sua carriera con un atto di ribellione verso Dio, la strega rappresentava la quintessenza del ribelle. I cacciatori di streghe, citando la Bibbia, proclamavano che “la ribellione è come il peccato di stregoneria”, i realisti scozzesi, nel 1661, proclamavano che “la ribellione è la madre della stregoneria”. Alcune credenze di chiara origine pagana, connesse ai culti della fertilità, sono il risultato di sedimentazioni antichissime sulle quali si sono innestate superstizioni medioevali, e stereotipi inquisitoriali. Il culto di Artemide-Diana, successivamente chiamata Herodiade, Heroda, Arada, Holda, Perchta, è giunto fino a noi deformato dalle demonizzazioni effettuate nel corso del medioevo. Alla divinità lunare in periodo cristiano si sovrappose il nome di Sant’Anna, cui vennero dati gli stessi attributi della luna. Nei testi sacri di tutti i popoli a creare l’Universo è un dio maschile: Jhave’, Budda o Brama. Nella stregoneria il principio primordiale è femmina.

Nello straordinario conflitto di correnti contrastanti

possiamo notare che l’uguaglianza della donna rappresentava dottrina prominente. Era Sofia, o Elena la donna affrancata, considerata come il vero Cristo che avrebbe salvato l’umanità.

Dai testi dei concili, dei capitolari e dei penitenziali, vengono indicazioni molto precise sulla modificazione interpretativa del fenomeno magico e dei rituali pagani residui. Si andava affermando un modus operandi che considerava magia e culto del diavolo anche pratiche religiose altre. Nell’alto medioevo i testi giuridici propongono termini come striges, strigae, lamiae: demoni femminili pagani dediti a truculenti rituali notturni, creature accomunate alle cosiddette herbarie. Se studiamo nel suo contesto il rilancio della persecuzione contro la stregoneria nel 1560-1570, possiamo renderci conto che la responsabilità dell’isteria collettiva sulla materia non è esclusivamente dei protestanti o dei cattolici, ma di entrambi; della lotta fra costoro.

La prima edizione del Malleus Maleficarum risale all’inverno 1486, fu stampata a Strasburgo. Fino al 1669 seguirono 34 edizioni, giungendo a più di trentacinquemila copie. Con la lotta alla stregoneria il cristianesimo ribaltava sulle donne del diavolo le imputazioni che il paganesimo aveva rivolto alle prime sette cristiane. Accanto alle accuse ricorrenti di ateismo, empietà, sacrilegio, contro i cristiani non mancarono l’accusa d’incesto, di cannibalismo, di culti orgiastici, scandalosi convegni notturni.

Secondo gli apologisti cristiani, la propaganda anticristiana che ebbe un peso determinante sulle persecuzioni fu dovuta in parte all’ignoranza del messaggio evangelico, quindi della condotta irreprensibile dei cristiani, ed in parte all’odio e al fanatismo delle masse popolari. Tra gli inizi del XIII secolo e la fine del XVII si calcola che siano state inquisite, incarcerate, torturate oltre nove milioni di persone, di cui un terzo finì al rogo.

Deduciamo non la scomparsa di un’accabadura quanto il perseverare del nasconderne la pratica agli occhi alieni.